AC

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 AC Motors Summary

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 AC

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 AC Motor Theory
• Rotating flux field created by
alternating field current.
• Rotating field induces
current within copper
conductors in rotor.
• Rotor rotates due to torque
exerted on conductors.

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 Induction Motor: Stator

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 Induction Motor: Rotor

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 Single-Phase AC Motors

• Used for low-hp applications only (typically less than 5

hp).
• Low operating efficiency (typ. 60-80%).
• Same basic operating principles as 3-phase, but field
alternates rather than rotating.
• Direction of rotation not defined as startup. Must use
supplemental method to create rotating field.

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 Single Phase Induction Motors
1.) Resistance Split Phase Motor
– Secondary winding of fine high
resistance wire used.
– Change in inductive
characteristics causes AC phase
shift between primary and
secondary windings, creating a
rotating field.
– I2R losses in secondary winding
overheat quickly, suited for low
loads only.
– Centrifugal switch used to
disconnect start winding once
motor reaches about 75% of
synchronous speed.

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 Single Phase Induction Motors

2.) Capacitor Start Motor

– Motor wired with two identical
windings 90 degrees apart.
– Capacitor places in series with one
winding, creating phase shift to
generate rotating magnetic field
– Lower I2R losses during start
– Better suited to starting high
inertial loads
– Utilizes a centrifugal switch to drop
start winding when motor speed
reaches 75% of synchronous
speed.

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 Single Phase Induction Motors
3.) Shaded Pole Motor
– Part of pole surrounded by
copper ring.
– Ring delays formation of
magnetic field in that portion of
the pole, causing rotor to turn in
that direction.
– Fixed direction of rotation,
cannot be changed after mfg.
– Very inefficient, as start function
cannot be disconnected once
motor is as speed.
– Used for fractional horsepower
motors only (typ < .05hp)

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 Shaded Pole Motor Cont’d

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 Single-Phase AC Induction Motor Performance

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 Universal Motors

• Operate on single phase AC or DC power

• Essentially a series-wound DC motor, complete with
armature, commutator, and brushes.
• Operates on AC as both field and armature reverse,
rotating in the same direction.
• Applications: Vacuum cleaners, jig saws, drills …
• High-speed at no-load, similar to the series DC motor.
• Low efficiency

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 Synchronous Motors
• Runs at synchronous speed, no slip.
• Magnets on rotor ‘lock-on’ to rotating flux
• Motor must used external start assist such
as:
– External start motor
– Squirrel cage built into rotor, to start as an induction
motor
– Variable frequency supply – slowly increase speed.
• Very high power (200 – 20,000 hp).
– Rock crushers, rolling mills, paper mills.
• Very low power
– Timing devices (wall and oven clocks)
– Sheet feed devices
• Well suited to high-torque, low rpm
applications – may eliminate the need for
speed reducers

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 Reading the Nameplate – AC Induction Motors

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 Reading the Nameplate
1. Design
Starting Breakdown Starting
Classification Slip Typical Application
Torque% Torque % Current
Design B Fans, blowers centrifugal
normal starting pumps & compressors, etc.,
100 - 200 200 - 250 Normal < 5%
torque & normal where starting torque
starting current requirements are relatively low.
Design C Conveyors, stirring machines,
high starting crushers, agitators,
200 -250 200 - 250 Normal < 5%
torque & normal reciprocating pumps etc., where
starting current starting under load is required.
High peak loads, loads with
Design D flywheels such as punch press,
high starting shears, elevators, extractors,
275 275 Low > 5%
torque & high winches, hoists, oil well
starting current pumping & wire drawing
machines.

•NEMA specifies minimum values of locked-rotor, breakdown, and pull-up torque.

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 3 Phase Motor Design

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 Torque Curve Terminology

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 Reading the Nameplate– cont’d
2. Insulation
• Indication of motors resistance to temperature.
• NEMA ratings A,B,F, or H, A being lowest resistance, H being highest.
• Operating temperature is a result of ambient temperature (air temp in area
surrounding motor) and heat generated by motor itself (I2R losses, startup
losses).
• Altitude limits may also be specified in combination with thermal limits due
to reduced heat rejection capability at higher altitudes. “Motors run cooler at
lower altitudes.”

3. Max. Ambient.
• Maximum ambient temperature, degrees C, at which motor can
operate at nameplate ratings with nameplate insulation class.

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 Reading the Nameplate– cont’d
4. Supply Voltage, Frequency, Phase
• Voltage – designed operation voltage for motor. May be single or
multiple-voltage design. Most motors are designed to operate with a supply
voltage tolerance of +- 10%, but nameplate ratings are only achieved with
nameplate supply conditions. Typical supply voltages: 208, 230, 460, 575
• Frequency – Input frequency of AC supply. North American standard is
60 Hz (cycles per second). In Europe 50 Hz is more common.
• Phase – Number of AC supply lines powering motor. Typically 3 or 1.

5. F.L.A.
• Full-Load Amps – Current required to operate at its nameplate horsepower
with nameplate supply voltage and frequency.

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 Reading the Nameplate– cont’d
6. Duty Cycle
• % On-Time Allowed
• Continuous, or 15, 30, 45 minutes per hour operation.
• Most smaller motors are designed for continuous duty..

7. Service Factor

• Continuous overload capability of motor.

• If motor is kept within temperature limits, and electrical supply can maintain
nameplate voltage level, motor may be run beyond nameplate power output
safely.
• 1.15 indicates 115% service factor, or 15% overload capability.

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 Reading the Nameplate– cont’d
9. Mounting
• C-Face – Motor is mounted to machine face of motor.
• Rigid Base – Motor has feet integral to the motor body that allow it to be
rigidly fastened to the machine.
• Resilient Base – Motor has rubber-isolated feet integral to the motor body
that allow it to be mounted but isolated from the machine.

10. Enclosure
• ODP – Open Drip-Proof – Motor open, free exchange of cooling air,
enclosure provides protection against liquid within 15 degrees of vertical.
• TEFC – Totally Enclosed-Fan Cooled – Better protection against external
contamination, and includes an integral fan to force cooling air across motor.
11. Frame
• Frame size indicates dimensional standard to which motor was
manufactured. Standards specify external dimensions, mounting, shaft
diameter and length, c-face or foot mounting dimensions, etc.

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 C-Face Capacitor Start/Run Motor

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 Foot-Mount

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