DISLOCATION STRESS FIELDS

MATERIALS SCIENCE
 Dislocation stress fields → infinite body
 Dislocation stress fields → finite body
 Image forces
 Interaction between dislocations
Part of & A Learner’s Guide
ENGINEERING
AN INTRODUCTORY E-BOOK
Anandh Subramaniam & Kantesh Balani
Materials Science and Engineering (MSE)
Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur- 208016
Email: anandh@iitk.ac.in, URL: home.iitk.ac.in/~anandh
http://home.iitk.ac.in/~anandh/E-book.htm

Advanced reading (comprehensive)

Theory of Dislocations
J. P. Hirth and J. Lothe
McGraw-Hill, New York (1968)
 Stress fields of dislocations Edge dislocation
 We start with the dislocation elastic stress fields in an infinite body
 The core region is ignored in these equations (which hence have a singularity at x = 0, y = 0)
(Core being the region where the linear theory of elasticity fails)
 Obviously a real material cannot bear such ‘singular’ stresses
Gb y (3x 2  y 2 )
 xx 
2 (1   ) ( x 2  y 2 )2 The material is considered isotropic (two elastic
 Gb y ( x 2  y 2 ) constants only- E &  or G & )
 yy 
2 (1   ) ( x 2  y 2 )2 stress fields → in reality crystals are anisotropic w.r.t to the
 Gb x( x 2  y 2 ) elastic properties
 xy =  xy 
2 (1  ) ( x 2  y 2 )2
b y[(3x 2  y 2 )  2 ( x 2  y 2 )]
 xx =
4 (1   ) ( x 2  y 2 )2
b y[( x 2  y 2 )  2 ( x 2  y 2 )]
 yy = Strain fields
4 (1   ) ( x 2  y 2 )2
 b x( x 2  y 2 )
 xy =
4 (1   ) ( x 2  y 2 )2

b  1  y  1 xy 
ux    
2  2 
tan
 x  2(1  ) ( x  y ) 
2

Displacement fields
b  ( x2  y 2 ) 
uy  (1  2 ) ln( x  y )  2
2 2

8 (1  )  (x  y2 )  Plots in the coming slides
 Note that the region near the dislocation has stresses of the order of GPa

Position of the Dislocation line  into the plane

More about this in the next slide

xx yy

286 Å

Stress values in GPa

286 Å

Gb y (3x 2  y 2 )  Gb y ( x 2  y 2 )
 xx   yy 
2 (1   ) ( x 2  y 2 )2 2 (1   ) ( x 2  y 2 )2

 Material properties used in the plots are in the last slide

 Left-right mirror symmetry

xx

Tensil
e
Compressive

Up down ‘inversion’ symmetry

(i.e. compression goes to tension)
Stress fields in a finite cylindrical body
 In an infinite body the xx stresses in one half-space maintain a constant sign (remain
tensile or compressive) → in a finite body this situation is altered.
 We consider here stresses in a finite cylindrical body.
 The core region is again ignored in the equations.
 The material is considered isotropic (two elastic constants only).

Finite cylindrical body

The results of edge dislocation in infinite homogeneous media are obtained by letting r2 → ∞ Plots in the coming slides
 Stress fields in a finite cylindrical body
Polar coordinates Cartesian coordinates

  r2  2  3r 2  2 

Eb sin   r2  x = 
Eb y
    
2   y
r =  3 1 x + 1
1  2  4 (1   ) ( x + y 2 ) 2
2 2

  r2   r2 2  

4 (1   2 ) r  r2 


  r2  2  r2  2 

Eb sin   r2  y = 
Eb y
 1  2  x + 1  2  y 
 =   1  3  4 (1   ) ( x + y 2 ) 2
2 2
4 (1  2 ) r  r2 2  
  r2   r2  



  r2  2  r2  2 

Eb cos   r2   xy = 
Eb x
 1  2  x + 1  2  y 
 r =  1   4 (1   ) ( x + y 2 ) 2
2 2
 
4 (1  2 ) r  r2 2    r2   r2  

xx yy
286 Å

Stress values in GPa

286 Å
Like the infinite body the symmetries are maintained.
But, half-space does not remain fully compressive or tensile

Left-right mirror symmetry

Compressive stress
xx
Tensile stress
Not fully tensile

Up down ‘inversion’ symmetry

(i.e. compression goes to tension)
 Stress fields of dislocations Screw dislocation
 The screw dislocation is associated with shear stresses only

 xx   yy  zz   xy   yz  0
Gby
xz = zx =  Cartesian

2 x 2  y2  coordinates
Gbx
yz = zy =

2 x 2  y2 

Gb Sin()
 xz = zx = 
2 r Polar
Gb Cos()
 yz = zy = coordinates
2 r

Plots in the next slide

xz
yz

572 Å
Stress values in GPa
572 Å
Understanding stress fields of mixed dislocations: an analogy

 For a mixed dislocation how to draw an effective “fraction” of an ‘extra half-plane’?

 For a mixed dislcation how to visualize the edge and screw component?
This is an important question as often the edge component is written as bCos →does this
imply that the Burgers vector can be resolved (is it not a crystallographically determined
constant?)
 STRESS FIELD OF A EDGE DISLOCATION
X – FEM SIMULATED CONTOURS

FILM
28 Å

SUBSTRATE
b
27 Å

(MPa)
(x & y original grid size = b/2 = 1.92 Å)
CONCEPT OF IMAGE FORCES & STRESS FIELDS IN THE PRESENCE OF A FREE SURFACE

 A dislocation near a free surface (in a semi-infinite body) experiences a force towards the
free surface, which is called the image force.
 The force is called an ‘image force’ as the force can be calculated assuming an negative
hypothetical dislocation on the other side of the surface (figure below).

A hypothetical negative dislocation is assumed to exist across the free-surface for the
calculation of the force (attractive) experienced by the dislocation in the proximal presence of a
free-surface
 Image force can be thought of as a ‘configurational force’ → the force tending to take one
configuration of a body to another configuration.
 The origin of the force can be understood as follows:
◘ The surface is free of tractions and the dislocation can lower its energy by positioning
itself closer to the surface.
◘ The slope of the energy of the system between two adjacent positions of the dislocation
gives us the image force (Fimage = Eposition 1→2 /b)
 In a finite crystal each surface will contribute to an ‘image dislocation’ and the net force
experienced by the dislocation will be a superposition of these ‘image forces’.

 Gb2
Fimage  An approximate formula derived using ‘image construction’
4 (1   )d

 Importance of image stresses:

If the image stresses exceed the Peierls stress then the dislocation can spontaneously move
in the absence of externally applied forces and can even become dislocation free!
 In a finite crystal each surface will contribute to an ‘image dislocation’ and the net force
experienced by the dislocation will be a superposition of these ‘image forces’.
 The image force shown below is the glide component of the image force (i.e. along the
slip plane, originating from the vertical surfaces)
 It must be clear that no image force is experienced by a dislocation which is positioned
symmetrically in the domain.

Gb2  1 1  Gb2  2 x 
Fimage    Superposition of two images
 
4 (1  )  d L  d   (1  )  L2  4 x 2 

Glide
 Similarly the climb component of the image force can be calculated (originating from the
horizontal surfaces)

Superposition of
two images

Climb
Stress fields in the presence of an edge dislocation

Deformation of the free surface in the

proximity of a dislocation (edge here) leads to
a breakdown of the formulae for image forces
Edge Dislocation Near a Free Surface seen before!

 Deformation of the free surface

Stress contour values in GPa
+7.0 Left-right mirror
symmetry of the stress
+0.3
150b = 429 Å

fields broken due to the

+0.18 presence of free surfaces
Plot of x stress contours
+0.06

0.06

0.18 30b
0.3
 Highly Asymmetric Stress Contours
7.1
F ree s urface
Simulation domain size (Lh): 500b  200b Scale for deformed shape: 3

200b = 572 Å
Material properties of Aluminium and Silicon used in the analysis
Properties Material
Aluminum Silicon
Crystal structure Cubic Closed Packed Diamond cubic
Lattice type FCC FCC
Young’s Modulus 70.576 GPa 165.86 GPa
Shear Modulus 26.18 GPa 68.12 GPa
Poisson’s ratio 0.348 0.2174
Elastic C11 108 GPa 165.7 GPa
constants C12 62 GPa 63.9 GPa
C44 28.3 GPa 79.6 GPa
Anisotropic factor, H 10.6 GPa 57.4 GPa
Lattice parameter, a 4.04 Å 5.431 Å
Burgers bx[110] 2.86 Å 3.84 Å
vector by[110] 0 0
bx[100] --- 5.431 Å
by[100] --- 0