GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

THERMAL ANALYSIS OF
POWER TRANSFORMERS
BY USING FEM
PRESENTATION-1
LITERATURE REVIEW & CASE
STUDY
 Prepared By  Guided By
Desai Keyur H Prof. Ankit Shahpatel,
150110707003 Assistant Professor,
Electrical Department,
G.C.E.T. – V.V.Nagar
 Introduction

Literature Review

Summary Of Research Paper

Case Study

Future Work

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 Thermal Analysis is the branch of Material science in which the effect
of temperature to the Machine is carried out.
 There is two type of Thermal Behavioural Analysis:
 Thermal Structural Analysis
 Thermal Fluid Analysis

 In Thermal Structural Analysis, The thermal behaviour of Structure of

machine is carried out.
 In Thermal Fluid Analysis, The thermal behaviour of Fluid in machine
is carried out.

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WHY T.A. IS REQUIRED FOR ELECTRICAL MACHINES?
 Heating of electrical machines caused as a result of energy losses appear during
their work. All of energy that loses converted into heat energy.
 Mechanical losses and they in the iron do not depend on the loads, so they are
taken constant. Losses in the contacts are in the right proportion with the load (21),
while those in copper increases with the load quadratic (I2 R).
 From above can be issued the
general expression for the lost power in the machine:
Ph = A + B*I+ C*I2
 It is clear that the heating of machine depends on the loads, so it will be greater for
larger losses.
 Though, electrical machines contains of several parts with different thermal
features, the heat process study based on the heating theory of ideal rigid body.
With rigid body implied the homogeneous ideal body, where all the body points
have the same temperature and the whole its surface has the same ability to spread
the heat.
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 Transformer can be found in distribution and transmission electrical networks and
they are necessary to deliver the electricity from power stations or wind farms to
end consumers.
 Consequently, it is desirable to have them on service and prevent any possible
internal failure that may cause a power outage.
 Oil-filled and dry-type transformers are common ones, where both are normally
used in the distribution levels.
 most industrial facilities used to employ oil-filled transformers for medium voltage
networks. However, recently, transformers with less risk of fire, environmental
friendly and organic oils are being used.

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 The expected life of the insulation can be extended if the thermal loading inside
the transformer is well designed.
 The heat run test of a transformer is usually made to one transformer of a purchase
order to the manufacturer. This is due to the cost and time needed in the test.
 In this test, the transformer is loaded with its rated current and voltage values, and
in large transformers the energy needed in this test represents a cost.
 On the other hand, the temperature test of a transformer is time consuming
because of the nature of thermal process within the transformer.

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 Thermal Modelling
 Dissolved Gas Analysis
 Frequency Response Analysis
 Partial Discharge Analysis
 Thermal Modelling is having two different ways:
 Circuit Based Modelling( based on mathematics)
 Computational Model Based Modelling(based on softweres)

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 It is a finite element Method

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 • Overview
 Magneto static Analysis • The magneto static solver computes static (DC)
 Magneto static Analysis is performed magnetic fields. All objects are stationary.
by choosing the Magneto static solution • The source of the static magnetic field can be:
type. 1. DC current in conductors
2. Permanent magnets
 Applications that use Magneto static
Analysis can be 3. Static magnetic fields represented by external
 solenoids,
boundary conditions.
4. The quantity solved is the magnetic field (H).
 inductors,
5. Current density (J) and magnetic flux density (B)
 motors,
are automatically calculated from the magnetic
 actuators,
field (H).
 permanent magnets, • Derived quantities such as forces, torques, energy,
 stray field calculations and inductances may be calculated from these basic
 and many others. field quantities.
• Material permeability can be nonlinear and/or
Keyur Desai-150110707003 anisotropic. 11

 Eddy Current Analysis
 Eddy Current Analysis is performed
by choosing the Eddy Current solution • The quantities solved are
type.
 Applications that use Eddy Current
Analysis can be solenoids, inductors,
motors,
 stray field calculations and many
others.
Keyur Desai-150110707003
• Overview
• The eddy current solver computes steady-state, time-
varying (AC) magnetic fields at a given frequency –
this is a frequency domain solution.
All objects are stationary.
• The source of the static magnetic field can be:
1. Sinusoidal AC current (peak) in conductors.
2. Time-varying external magnetic field
represented by external boundary conditions.
1. the magnetic field (H) and
2. the magnetic scalar potential(Ω).
3. Current density (J) and magnetic flux density (B) are
automatically calculated from the magnetic field (H).
• Derived quantities such as forces, torques, energy,
and inductances may be calculated from these basic
field quantities.
• Material permeabilities and conductivities can be
anisotropic, but must be linear.
12
 Name of Equations Differential Form Integration Form
Gauss’s law of Electricity 𝜌 𝑄(𝑉)
𝛻𝐸 = ඾ 𝐸 ∙ 𝑑𝐴 =
𝜀0 𝜀0
𝜕𝑉
Gauss’s law of Magnetism 𝛻∙𝐵 =0
඾ 𝐵 ∙ 𝑑𝐴 = 0
𝜕𝑉
Maxwell-Feradey Equation 𝜕𝐵 𝜕Φ𝐵,𝑆
𝛻×𝐸 =− ර 𝐸 ∙ 𝑑𝑙 =
(Feradey’s law of EMI) 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡
𝜕𝑉
Ampere’s circuital law 𝜕𝐸 𝜕Φ𝐸,𝑆
𝛻 × 𝐵 = 𝜇0 ∙ 𝐽 + 𝜇0 𝜀0 ර 𝐸 ∙ 𝑑𝑙 = 𝜇0 𝐼𝑆 + 𝜇0 𝜀0
(with Maxwell’s correction) 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡
𝜕𝑉

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 Name of Equations Differential Form Integration Form
Gauss’s law of Electricity 𝜌 𝑄(𝑉)
𝛻𝐸 = ඾ 𝐸 ∙ 𝑑𝐴 =
𝜀0 𝜀0
𝜕𝑉
Gauss’s law of Magnetism 𝛻∙𝐵 =0
඾ 𝐵 ∙ 𝑑𝐴 = 0
𝜕𝑉
Maxwell-Feradey Equation 𝜕𝐵 𝜕Φ𝐵,𝑆
𝛻×𝐸 =− ර 𝐸 ∙ 𝑑𝑙 =
(Feradey’s law of EMI) 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡
𝜕𝑉
Ampere’s circuital law 𝜕𝐸 𝜕Φ𝐸,𝑆
𝛻 × 𝐵 = 𝜇0 ∙ 𝐽 + 𝜇0 𝜀0 ර 𝐸 ∙ 𝑑𝑙 = 𝜇0 𝐼𝑆 + 𝜇0 𝜀0
(with Maxwell’s correction) 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡
𝜕𝑉

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15

Keyur Desai-150110707003
Sr. Research Paper Title Author Name Journal/ Year Published
No. Conference
1 Extensions to the Finite Element Journal of
Technique for the Magneto-Thermal Jehan Shazly Electromagnetic April 2012
Analysis of Aged Oil Cooled-Insulated Amr A. Adly Analysis and
Power Transformers Applications

2 Analysis of Power Transformer Juliano R. da Silva IEEE Transactions March 2015

Geometry Simplifications on João P. A. Bastos on Magnetics
Electromagnetic and Thermodynamic
Simulations
3 Thermal Analysis of M. A. Arjona C. IEEE Transactions March 2014
a Dry-Type Distribution Hernandez
Power Transformer Using FEA R. Escarela-Perez E.
Melgoza

4 finite element analysis of heat transfer J Therm Anal Calorim Journal of July 2014
in transformers from high voltage 2014 Electromagnetic
stations Analysis
5 Online Condition Monitoring and Aravinth IEEE Transactions January 2016
Diagnosis Subramaniam On Power
techniques for Dry type Transformers Saurabh Bhandari Delivery

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17

Jehan Shazly
Journal of
Electromagnetic April 2012
Amr A. Adly Analysis and
Applications
Keyur Desai-150110707003
 Obviously, maximum temperature at which the insulation of the power transformer
can operate and the method of heat dissipation through it and its surrounding
should be determined during design stages.

 Analytical details and simulation results demonstrating effects of core magnetic

properties degradation on trans-former’s temperatures are given.

 Numerical simulation of the electromagnetic field and the heat transfer analysis
has been carried out with the aid of ANSYS finite element software package.

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 The transformer structure can be considered as a plane-parallel geometry.
 The phase currents are sinusoidal and balanced.
 The base of the tank is assumed to be insulated and measured values of ambient
temperature are always considered.
 The insulation between the low voltage winding and high voltage winding is taken
into consideration.
 Thermo-physical properties of the materials are supposed to be function of
temperature.

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N
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Keyur Desai-150110707003 Degraded yoke magnetic properties 24
 RESULT

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26

Juliano R. da Silva IEEE Transactions MARCH 2015

on Magnetics
João P. A. Bastos

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 Although the 2-D applications are much used, it is also possible to obtain excellent
results employing the formulation in three dimensions
 observing the good performance computers now a days in relatively simple and
accessible equipment, as, for instance, laptops.

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Image of the active part of a power Simplified geometry for magnetic
transformer modelling

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FEM
 With the computer advances and
their increase on storage and
processing capacity there is great
interest in solving engineering
problems by the use of the FEM.
Keyur Desai-150110707003
2D application
 It is also possible to obtain excellent
results employing the formulation in
three dimensions observing the good
performance computers now a days
in relatively simple and accessible
equipment, as, for instance, laptops.
29
 The simulation variations for electrical and mechanical characteristics of the
transformer internal components without the need to construct prototypes.
 Thus, it is possible to properly design the equipment while still in the project
stage.
 It is also possible to verify the influence of different materials that can be used on
the construction.
 The discretization of the space with different levels of detailing, depending on the
part of the transformer to be analysed.
 This simulations are on the time domain.

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 The winding geometry is considered symmetrical,
 Not taking into consideration
 the connections to the tap changer,
 the passage of wiring between wiring disks,
 connections between windings, outgoing lines, and so on;
 it corresponds to a small portion of the total weight of the conductors present in the
transformer;
 The wire assembling comprising the disks of the winding can be considered as a single
solid, thus avoiding the simulation of the internal part of the conductors;
 Attachment elements like screws, anchors, fixtures, and so on are disregarded in the
geometry employed in the simulations since they participate in a small amount on the
generation of the equipment heating.

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 It is based upon the problem of the heat exchanged between the winding and oil
passing between the cooling ducts.
 This problem is of extreme importance since
 the largest limitation to the load assumed by the transformer comes from the fact that the
insulating paper (or other material) surrounding the copper wire of the transformer
windings possesses a thermal operating limit.
 This thermal limit is restrictive to the load application of power transformers.

 It is known that higher temperatures than those determined in the project degrade
the transformer insulation rapidly, decreasing the equipment life.

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 Inside the transformer, the thermal and electromagnetic problems are mutually-
dependent since the electrical parameters depend on the working temperature of
the material and temperature depends on the values of the losses in the
equipment.
 the thermal time constant is much higher than the electromagnetic time constant.
 Steps to Obtain the simulation.
 Obtaining the transformer geometry.
 Survey of the physical, electrical, and thermal parameters of the materials used in the
transformer.
 Generation of the mesh, processing, and visualization of the results.

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 For the solution of electric and magnetic problems,  For calculating the temperature inside the power transformer the Fourier-
Kirchoff equation can be applied
Maxwell’s equations for low frequencies can be applied
∂B ∇(k∇T) + Qv = ρcW· ∇T
∇ ×E + =0
∂t
∇ ×H = J Where

∇·B=0 k = thermal conductivity of the material,

∇·D=ρ T = temperature,
where t = time variable is constant
Qv = volume energy sources,
ρ = volume density of charge
ρ = material density,
E-electric field
c = specific heat of the material,
B-magnetic induction,
W = velocity vector of the material.
H-magnetic field,

J-electric current density, and

D-electric induction

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Image of the active part of a power Simplified geometry for magnetic
transformer modelling

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Electrical Field Simulations Detail of the winding

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Flow Lines of Oil passing through Temperature profile of part of
winding winding

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38

M. A. Arjona C. Hernandez IEEE Transactions 2014

R. Escarela-Perez E. Melgoza

Keyur Desai-150110707003
 The temperature rise of the transformer components is caused by all of the device
electrical losses, which are the no-load and load losses.
 It is known that the thermal behaviour within the electromagnetic device is
composed by conduction, convection (also known as heat advection) and radiation
 The model of the following takes into account the fluid (air) dynamics under forced
cooling conditions.

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 The governing equation of heat transfer for the non isothermal stationary laminar
flow is given by the following equation. where
F = volume force (N/m3),
u = velocity vector (m/s),
p = pressure (Pa),
∇⋅ (ρu) = 0 ρ = density(Kg/m3),
I = radiative intensity (W/m2),
q = −k*∇T μ = dynamic viscosity (Pa⋅s).
k = thermal conductivity (W/m⋅K)
q = heat flux by conduction (W/m2)
Cp = specific heat capacity at
constant
pressure (J/(kg⋅°K)),
T = absolute temperature (°K),
Q = heat sources (W/m3).
Keyur Desai-150110707003 40
Finite Element Mesh of Distribution
transformer

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No load On load

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No Load On Load

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No Load On Load

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No Load On Load

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46

• Mihaela Raduca • Cornel Hatiegan J Therm Anal Calorim

• Nicolina Pop • Eugen Raduca
2014
• Gilbert-Rainer Gillich

Keyur Desai-150110707003
Geometric Model Grid with FEM

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Distribution of Temperature Thermal flux in the transformer

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Distribution of Thermal Gradient Vectors of the thermal Gradient

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Vectors of the Thermal Gradient

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 51

INCIPIENT FAULT ANALYSIS THROUGH FINITE

ELEMENT MODELLING
Aravinth Subramaniam
Mehdi Bagheri
Amit Kumar Gupta
Saurabh Bhandari IEEE Transportation 1-4 June 2016
Electrification
Nadarajan Sivakumar
Conference and
Sanjib Kumar Panda Expo,ITEC

Keyur Desai-150110707003
 Magnetic fields in healthy equipment generally assume a symmetrical distribution
around the axis of their excitation.
 The change in symmetry of these fields during a fault condition is investigated.
 Asymmetry in the leakage flux around a transformer winding due to an inter-turn
fault is studied under various fault severity levels.
 A fault detection technique using leakage flux is developed based on the identified
fault indicators.
 The online health monitoring of electrical equipment for determining their present
state and estimating the remaining useful life is desirable for stand-alone/critical
electrical power systems, as any failure in this equipment can lead to complete
interruption of electrical power.

Keyur Desai-150110707003 52
FE Transformer models used for fault
Meshing used
analysis

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 1) All the required software simulations will be achieved,
2) All the data for thermal analysis will be taken from the industry,
3) Make Model of Actual Transformer by using FEA and ANSYS software,.

Keyur Desai-150110707003 66
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transformers in service," IEEE Electr. Insul. Mag., vol. 18, no. 6, pp. 12-25, Nov. 2002.
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Electr. Power Syst. Res., vol. 80, no. 4, pp. 456--464,2010.
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transformers," IEEE Trans. Power Deliv., vol. 16, no. 3,pp. 422--428, 2001.
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planar coils," IEEE Trans. Magn., vol. 31, no. 6, pp. 3185-3187,1995.
 [5] A. Yazidi, D. Thailly, H. Henao, R. Romary, G.-A. Capolino, and J.-F. Brudny, "Detection of stator
short-circuit in induction machines using an external leakage flux sensor," in 2004 IEEE
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model for the study of inter-turn short circuitsin induction motors," 2007 IEEE Int. Symp.
Diagnostics Electr. Mach.Power Electron. Drives, SDEMPED, pp. 415-4 I 9,2007.

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 [7] J. Cusido, L. Romeral, J. a. Ortega, J. a. Rosero, and A. Garcia Espinosa,"Fault Detection in
Induction Machines Using Power Spectral Density in Wavelet Decomposition," IEEE Trans. Ind.
Electron., vol. 55, no. 2, pp. 633-643,2008.
 [8] F. M. Araujo, J. M. Monteiro, L. A. Ferreira, H. Campelo, and L. Almeno, "Temperature and
Vibration Monitoring Systems Based on Fiber Optic Technology for Transformers," no. October,
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transfer, vol. 6th. 20 I I.
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April, pp. 26-34, 2015.
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