JDBC

Version 1.0
1. What is JDBC?
•JDBC is an interface which allows Java code to execute SQL
statements inside relational databases
– the databases must follow the ANSI SQL-2 standard

Latest Release : JDBC 3.0

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JDBC in use

Application JDBC Driver

•Java code calls JDBC library

•JDBC loads a driver
•Driver talks to a particular database

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2. The JDBC-ODBC Bridge
•ODBC (Open Database Connectivity) is a Microsoft standard
from the mid 1990’s.

•It is an API that allows C/C++ programs to execute SQL inside

databases

•ODBC is supported by many products.

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•The JDBC-ODBC bridge allows Java code to use the C/C++
interface of ODBC
– it means that JDBC can access many different database
products

•The layers of translation (Java --> C --> SQL) can slow down
execution.

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 JDBC Architectures
Java Application

JDBC driver manager

JDBC/native JDBC/ODBC JDBC Driver JDBC middleware

bridge bridge (DBMS Specific) (various DBMS)

Native driver
ODBC Driver
(DBMS specific)

DBMS
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3. Four Kinds of JDBC Driver
•1. JDBC-ODBC Bridge
– translate Java to the ODBC API
– requires ODBC driver installed on client

•2. Native API

– translate Java to the database’s own API(c, c++)
– access database’s API through JNI.

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• 3. Native Protocol
– use Java to access the database more directly using its
low level protocols (database specific protocols)

•4. Net Protocol

– use Java to access the database via networking
middleware (usually TCP/IP)
– takes JDBC requests and translates into a network
protocol that is not database specific.
– required for networked applications

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4. JDBC PseudoCode – six steps
•All JDBC programs do the following:
– 1) import the packages
•import java.sql.*;
•import oracle.jdbc.driver.*;

– 2) load the JDBC driver

•Class.forName(
"sun.jdbc.odbc.JdbcOdbcDriver");
– 3) Specify the name and location of the database being
used
•String url = "jdbc:oracle:thin:@aardvark:1526:teach“;

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4. JDBC PseudoCode – six steps (cont..)

– 4) Connect to the database with a Connection object

•Connection conn = DriverManager.getConnection
(url,user, password);

– 5) Execute a SQL query using a Statement object

• Statement statement = conn.createStatement();

– 6) Get the results in a ResultSet object

•ResultSet rs = statement.executeQuery(
"SELECT lastName, firstName FROM Authors"
);

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4. JDBC PseudoCode – six steps (cont..)
– 7) Finish by closing the ResultSet, Statement and
Connection objects
statement.close();
conn.close();

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4.1. Pseudocode as a Diagram

creates creates creates

DriverManager Connection Statement ResultSet

SQL data

make link Driver

to driver
SQL data

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4.2. DriverManager
•It is responsible for establishing the connection to the
database through the driver.
•e.g.
Class.forName(
"sun.jdbc.odbc.JdbcOdbcDriver");
Connection conn =
DriverManager.getConnection(url);

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4.3. Name the Database
•The name and location of the database is given as a URL
– the details of the URL vary depending on the type of
database that is being used

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 Database URLs

Jdbc:odbc:// host.domain.com 2048 /data/file

The comms The machine The port The path to

protocol holding the used for the the database
database. connection. on the machine

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Database URLs contd…
•jdbc:oracle:thin:@127.0.0.1:1521:UAT02
•jdbc:db2:DWCTRLDB
•jdbc:odbc:Books

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4.4. Statement Object
•The Statement object provides a ‘workspace’ where SQL
queries can be created, executed, and results collected.
•e.g.
Statement st =
conn.createStatement():
ResultSet rs = st.executeQuery(
“ select * from Authors” );
:
st.close();

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4.5. ResultSet Object
•Stores the results of a SQL query.

•A ResultSet object is similar to a ‘table’ of answers, which

can be examined by moving a ‘pointer’ (cursor).

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 cursor
23 John
5 Mark
•Cursor operations: 17 Paul
– first(), last(), next(), previous(), etc. 98 Peter

•Typical code:
while( rs.next() ) {
// process the row;
}

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5. simpJDBC.java
// simpJDBC.java
// Displays the firstnames and lastnames
// of the Authors table in the Books db.

import java.sql.*;

public class simpJDBC {

public static void main(String[] args)

{
// The URL for the Books database.
// ’Protected' by a login and password.
String url = "jdbc:odbc:Books";
String username = "anonymous";
String password = "guest";
:

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try {
// load the JDBC-ODBC Bridge driver
Class.forName("sun.jdbc.odbc.JdbcOdbcDriver");

// connect to db using DriverManager

Connection conn =
DriverManager.getConnection( url,
username, password );

// Create a statement object

Statement statement = conn.createStatement();

// Execute the SQL query

ResultSet rs = statement.executeQuery(
"SELECT lastName, firstName FROM Authors" );
:

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 // Print the result set
while( rs.next() )
System.out.println(
rs.getString("lastName") + ", " +
rs.getString("firstName") );

// Close down
statement.close();
conn.close();
}
:

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 catch ( ClassNotFoundException cnfex ) {
System.err.println(
"Failed to load JDBC/ODBC driver." );
cnfex.printStackTrace();
System.exit( 1 ); // terminate program
}

catch ( SQLException sqlex ) {

System.err.println( sqlex );
sqlex.printStackTrace();
}

} // end of main()

} // end of simpJDBC class

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Output

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5.1. Username & Password
•The database’s link to the outside (e.g. its ODBC interface)
must be configured to have a login and password
– details for ODBC are given later

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5.2. Accessing a ResultSet
•The ResultSet class contains many methods for accessing the
value of a column of the current row
– can use the column name or position
– e.g. get the value in the lastName column:
rs.getString("lastName")

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•The ‘tricky’ aspect is that the values are SQL data, and so
they must be converted to Java types/objects.

•There are many methods for accessing/converting the

data, e.g.
– getString(), getDate(), getInt(), getFloat(), getObject()

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6. Transaction Management
•The connection has a state called AutoCommit mode
•if AutoCommit is true, then every statement is automatically
committed
•if AutoCommit is false, then every statement is added to an
ongoing transaction
•Default: true

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AutoCommit

Connection.setAutoCommit(boolean val)

•If you set AutoCommit to false, you must explicitly commit or

rollback the transaction using Connection.commit() and
Connection.rollback()

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 Fixed Example
con.setAutoCommit(false);
try {
// Create a statement object
Statement statement = conn.createStatement();

// Execute the SQL query

ResultSet rs = statement.executeQuery(
"SELECT lastName, firstName FROM Authors" );
con.commit();
catch (Exception e) {
con.rollback();
}

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Reference
•Stephanie Bodoff, et. al., The J2EE Tutorial, Sun
Microsystems.
•James McGovers, et. al., J2EE1.4 Bible, Wiely Publishing Inc.

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