Topics to be discussed

- Waffle slab
- Earthquake
- Stair and stair analysis software
- Yield line Analysis and software for non-rectangular slab
Waffle slab
• Waffle slabs are usually used for buildings with
large column spacing.
• Two common types of waffle slab are available.
Beam between columns( Type 1)
Solid section around Column (Type 2)
Type 1 waffle slab
Type 2 waffle slab
Analysis of type 2 waffle slab
• To analyze type 2 waffle slab, the same procedure as that of flat
slab is used.
The only difference from flat slab analysis is
• Depth is calculated based on available formwork size.
• Deflection is checked based on equivalent solid section.
• Dead load is calculated for solid section and rib section
separately.
• Frame analysis is based on coefficients for FEM, Distribution
factor obtained from tables prepared by PCA.
Earthquake load
• Earthquake load is determined based on static analysis since the building is regular
both in plan and elevation + the fundamental period is less than 2 sec, the height of
the building is less than 80 m.
• To calculate earthquake load , design spectrum and weight should be calculated.
• According to EBCS-8,1995 the weight of the building is taken to be the permanent load
or dead load. Weight calculation also includes center of mass calculation.
• Design spectrum is calculated based on EBCS-8,1995. design spectrum is the expected
acceleration during earthquake activity and it is calculated based on bedrock
acceleration(α), design response factor of the site(β) and behavior factor(γ).
• once the base shear is calculated based on the weight and the design response
spectrum , the distribution of shear on each floor is performed and the obtained
distribution of shear is used as a input data in ETABS.
Stair, Ramp and stair software
• Stairs are analyzed and designed as one way or two way solid slabs.
• On the main building, 2B+G+M+16 , three types of stair are encountered, which are
dog legged, open newel and free standing stair.
• Dog legged stairs are analyzed and designed as one way slab supported at the two
landing levels.
• Newel stairs are a bit different from dog legged stair. At the landing level load is
transferred in both directions and care must be taken as to how much of the load
should be transferred in both directions( half load is transferred in most cases).
• Free standing stairs are the challenging of all. Since the flights are not supported by
any means, load is transferred to the top and bottom floors through shear, axial load,
bending moment and torsion. Each internal actions is determined by kuang and
cusens method proposed in ACI journal of 1966 edition.
• RAMP is analyzed as one way slab.
• Conference hall slab is analysed and design as single flight stair.
Free standing stairs
• The analysis is carried out by dividing the stair into three members as
shown in the figure below.
• Member OB, BC and AB.
• Each part has its own equation
Proposed by kunag and cusens based
On axial trust and Moment at point O.
Stair software/ Excel spreadsheet
• For(11) dog legged( end supported, cantilever and variable
cantilever), newel , helical, freestanding, straight flight, slab
less , straight flight with intermediate landing , stair
supported at landing level and spine wall stairs excel
spreadsheet for analysis and design is prepared.
• The main advantage of this spreadsheet is that it considers
different restraint conditions at the end.
• For example, dog legged stair, is treated with four types of
end support condition separately.
• Some sort of detailing guide is prepared to avoid confusion.
Sample spreadsheets
Helical stair diagrams( Based on Morgan method)
Yield line analysis for non-rectangular slabs
• Trapezoidal slab with two edges slanting
0.000
yield line pattern 1
0.000 1.000 2.000 3.000 4.000 5.000 6.000 7.000
-1.000

-2.000

-3.000

-4.000

-5.000

-6.000

-7.000

yield Line Pattern 2

0.000
0.000 1.000 2.000 3.000 4.000 5.000 6.000 7.000
-1.000
-2.000
-3.000
-4.000
-5.000
-6.000
-7.000
Yield line cont.
• Trapezoidal slab with one edge slanting
PATTERN I
0.000
0.000 1.000 2.000 3.000 4.000 5.000 6.000
-1.000
-2.000
-3.000
-4.000
-5.000
-6.000
-7.000

Pattern II
0.000
-1.0000.000 1.000 2.000 3.000 4.000 5.000 6.000

-2.000
-3.000
-4.000
-5.000
-6.000
-7.000
Quarter circle
Circular trapezoid I
Right Angle Triangle
Isosceles Triangle
Irregular shaped 1
Irregular shape 2
Circular Arc
L shaped Case I
L shaped Case II
L shaped Case III
L shaped IV
L shaped case V
Irregular curve
Circular trapezoid II
Sample calculation( page 224 )
Coefficients for Trapezoidal slab