Archaebacteria and Eubacteria

From Group I Class ICP B

Archaebacteria and Eubacteria
Archaebacteria vs. Eubacteria
Characteristics Archaebacteria Eubacteria
Cell wall No peptidoglycan Containis peptidoglycan

Membrane lipids Ether linked Ester linked

First amino acid in all Methionine Formylmethionine
proteins
Antibiotic sensitivity No Yes
Characteristically Cosmopolitan Extermophile
DNA organization Circular with histones Circular
Known for Extreme environments, Both helpful and harmful
none infect humans relationships with
humans

The Same Character Archaebacteria and Eubacteria

Characteristics Archaebacteria Eubacteria
Nucleus Prokaryotic Prokaryotic

Nucleus membrane No No
Membranous cell Don’t have Don’t have
organelles
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Examples
Archaebacteria and Eubacteria
ARCHAEBACTERIA
Archaebacteria is oldest organism (archae = ancient) that ever lived on
earth. They are included as unicellular prokaryotic organism.
Archaebacteria has various forms :
1. Spherical
2. Rod
3. Spiral
4. Irregular
Archaebacteria reproduce by :
1. Binary fission
2. Forming a bud
3. Fragmentation

 Archaebacteria is often called extermophile organism for its

ability to live in extreme environment such as in hot water
spring and bottom of ocean.
 All members of Archaebacteria are non-pathogenic organism.
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Extreme halophile

Archaebacteria

Methanogen

Thermoacidophile
Archaebacteria and Eubacteria

A. Methanogen

The characteristics of Methanogen:

1. Its specific character is ability to use hydrogen in reducing carbon dioxide (CO2 ) into
methane (CH4).
2. Fed by the decay of dead plant remains
3. They live in anaerobic environment
4. Growed well at a temperature of 98C and a die at a temperature of 84C.

Examples:
 Methanobrevibacter ruminatium
 Lachnospira multipara
 Succimonas amylolitica
 Rumino coccus albus

Life at the bottom of the swamp and the storage of waste Methanococcus jannaschii
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B. Extreme Halophile

Halobacterium halobium

The characteristics of extreme halophile:

1. Can live in high salinity environment (10 times sea’s salinity), such as Dead Sea.
2. This organism uses salt to form ATP
3. Rhodopsin pigment called bacteriorhodopsim is to be found.
4. This bacteriorhodopsin is responsible for the formation process of ATP in the spesies.
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C. Thermoacidophile

The characteristics of thermoacidophile:

1. Found in high acidic and extreme high temperature environment
2. Live in the environment with the temperature 0f 110C and pH under 2
3. Most of them are anaerobic organism
4. Use sulphur as hydrogen acceptor for the respiration, change the oxygen..

Sulfolobus sp.

Sulfolobus bacteria live in the sulfur

springs in Yellowstone National Park
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EUBACTERIA (BACTERIA)

The characteristics of eubacteria:

1. Have a cell wall functioning to provide with rigid
shape on bacteria’s body.
2. Has diameter of 0.5-1 m and length of 0.1-10m.
3. Generally having no chlorophyll.
4. Capable to live in various media that is called
cosmopolitan.

5. Body structure always in each bacteria includes, among

others, genetic materials, ribosome, cell plasma, cell wall, cell
membrane and reserve food.
6. Its genetic material is in form of chromosome of rounding
DNA.
Archaebacteria and Eubacteria

The Structure of Bacteria

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Archaebacteria and Eubacteria

1. Bacillus

Escherichia coli Bacillus anthracis

Salmonella typhosa Neisseria gonorrhoeae

(e)

Corynebacterium diphtheriae
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2. Coccus

Diplococcus meningitidis Streptococcus thermophillus

Tetragenococcus halophilus Sarcina ventriculi Staphylococcus aureus

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3. Spirillum

Example: Vibrio cholerae

Example:Treponema pallidum, Borrelia recurrentis

Example: Spirillum winogradskyi, Helicobacter pylori

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4. Other Shapes of Bacteria

Examples: Haloarcula spp (H. vallismortis, H. marismortui)

Example: Candidatus savagella

Examples: Mycoplasma pneumoniae Example: Stella vacuolata

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The Classification of Bacteria

Positive Gram Bacteria vs. Negative Gram Bacteria

Positive Gram Bacteria

Eubacteria

Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Negative Gram Bacteria

Chlamydia trachomatis
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Spirochaeta
 This phylum is contained of spiral-shaped negative Gram bacteria.
 They move by means of flagella planted inside the cell membrane
 Spirochaeta lives freely, symbiotically or as parasite.
 Generally, this bacterium is pathogenic, but some of them live as decomposer.
 This phylum is divided into three families that all are :

1. Spirochaetaceae, 2. Brachyspiraceae 3. Leptospiraceae

example Borrelia burgdorferi example Brachyspira hyodysenteriae example Treponema pallidum
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Positive Gram Bacteria

 In spite of its name, not all members of this phylum

are positive Gram bacteria
 A small group of negative Gram bacteria is included
also in this phylum because they have a molecular
similarity with positive Gram bacteria.
 Many members of positive gram bacteria cause
diseases to human, such as Streptococcus
Example : Streptococcus pneumoniae
pneumonia, which causing pneumonia.
 In addition to cause diseases and produse poison,
positive gram bacteria can produce advantageous
materials also, example Actinomycetes.
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Proteobacteria

 All Proteobacterium are negative gram

bacterium, but in various form (rod,
sphrical and spiral).
 most of them move with flagella, some
by sliding or not move at all.
 Most of them are included to anaerobic
facultative microorganisme or obligate
 Members of Proteobacteria live freely,
Example : Neisseria gonorrhoeae
symbiotically, or as pathogen in human,
animal and plants.
Archaebacteria and Eubacteria

Cyanobacteria

 Cyanobacteria is unicellular or multicellular

microscopic prokaryotic organism
 Its habitat are in fresh water, sea water, humid
sites, wet stones, adhere to plantsor animals, in
pool contained of organic material (nitrogen), in hot
Anabaena sp. Oscillatoria sp.
water fountain (temperature up to 80C) and in
polluted waters.
 Blue-green algae lives solitarily or in colony.
 Individual who lives in colony is usually in the form
of strand (filament with trichome/tube and coated).
 The body has chlorophyll, carotenoid and
Gloeocapsa sp. Spirulina sp. phycobilin pigment.
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Cyanobacteria
Cyanobacteria Reproduction

1. Spore formation

Example : Nostoc commune

2. Binary Fission (Gleocapsa sp)

3. Fragmentation (Plectonema boryanum)

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Cyanobacteria
The Role of Cyanobacteria
a. Advantageous Bacteria b. Disadvantageous Bacteria

Cyanobaceria as nitrogen binder, who lives

freely, can fertilize soil, such as Nostoc
commune
Cyanobaceria can also be adverse for causing
blooming and produces neurotoxin, such as
Microcystis
(Spirullina sp.)
food supplements
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Flagellated Bacteria
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Bacteria’s Life Needs

BASED ON THEY GAIN THEIR FOOD

1. Heterotrophic Bacteria
Heterotrophic bacteria are bacteria that cannot synthesize their food by itself. Heterotrophic
bacteria are divided into parasit bacteria and saprophyte.
 Parasitic bacteria : Mycobacterium tuberculosis

 Saprophytic bacteria : Desulfovibrio desulfuricans

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2. Autotrophic Bacteria
Autotrophic bacteria are able to make its own food from inorganic substances and change it
into organic substances. There are two kinds autotrophic bacteria, namely photoautotrophic
and chemoautotrophic bacteria.

 Chemoautotrophic bacteria : Nitrosococcus

 Photoautotrophic bacteria : Cyanobacteria
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BASED ON THEIR NEEDS IN OXYGEN

1. Aerobic Bacteria
Aerobic bacteria are bacteria that needs free oxygen to live, such as Nitrobacter,
Nitrosomonas, and Nitrosococcus. They do nitrification process that requires oxygen to
oxidize ammonia into nitrate.
Nitrification Nitrification
NH3 + O2 NO2- + O2 NO3-
Ammonia Oxygen Nitrite Oxygen Nitrate
Nitrosomonas Nitrobacter
Nitrosomonas
Dan Nitrobacter
2. Anaerobic Bacteria
Anaerobic bacteria get its energy without using oxygen, such as Micrococcus denitrificans
and Clostridium tetani. They get the energy from decomposition of ready compounds.
Anaerobic bacteria plays role in denitrification, a decomposition process of nitrate/nitrite
into ammonia.
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Archaebacteria and Eubacteria

Asexual Reproduction
Binary Fission
 It is the most common mode of
asexual reproduction.
 The cytoplasm and nucleoid of a
bacterial cell divide equally into two,
following replication of DNA.
 The cell wall and cytoplasm also split
resulting in the formation of two
daughter cells.

E. coli cells, some of which

are undergoing binary fission.c
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Sexual Reproduction
Generative propagation is done by genetic recombiantion.

Genetic recombination is combination of genetic

material in the form of interbacterial DNA in one
species.
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Sexual Reproduction
Transformation
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Sexual Reproduction
Conjugation

Bacterial Conjugation:
An image of the sex pilus

Diagram of bacterial conjugation.

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Sexual Reproduction
Transduction
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The Role of Bacteria in Human Life

1. Advantageous Bacteria
Food Industrial Field

Acetobacter xylinum

Streptococcus lactis

Aspergillus wentii

Streptococcus thermophillus and Lactobacillus bulgaricus

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Pharmaceutical Field

1. Streptomyces griceus produces antibiotic streptomycin to fight against TBC

2. Streptomyces aureofaciens produces antibiotic aureomycin, chloromycetin
3. Bacillus brevis produces antibiotic tyromycin
4. Pseudomonas denitrificans and Propioni bacterium produces vitamin B12

The Making of Biogas and Decomposer

1. Escherichia coli help food decomposition in human large intestine and the former of vitamin K
(for blood clotting).
2. Methanobcaterium omelianski and Methanobacterium ruminatum decompose acetic acid
(CH3COOH) into methane (CH4) and CO2.
3. Clostridium sporangeus decomposes amino acids into ammonia
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2. Disadvantageous Bacteria
a. Bacteria Causing Disease in Human
1) Mycobacterium tuberculosis causes TBC disease
2) Mycobacterium leprae causes leprosy disease
3) Salmonella typhosa causes typhus
4) Shigella dysentriae causes dysentery
5) Diplococcus pneumoniae causes pneumonia
6) Treponema pallidum causes syphilis to genital
7) Neisseria gonorrhoea causes gonorrhoea
8) Vibrio chlerae causes chlore
9) Bacillus anthracis causes anthrax

b. Bacteria Causing Disease in Animals

1) Campylobacter fetus causes abortion in cow and goat and inflammation to human
intestine
2) Bacillus anthracis causes anthrax to live stock
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2. Disadvantageous Bacteria
c. Bacteria Causing Disease in Plants
1) Agrobacterium tumefaciens causes tumour to plants
2) Pseudomonas cattleyae attacks orchid
3) Pseudomonas solanacearum attacks banana tree
4) Bacterium papaye attacks papaya tree

d. Bacteria as Poison Producer

1) Clostridium botulinum produces botulinum poison to defect canned food
2) Leuconostoc mesentroides causes food to be slimy