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Spanning Tree
Protocol

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 Objectives
•Describe the purpose of STP
•Explain the process STP follows when maintaining a
loop-free network topology
•Describe how STP selects the root bridge
•Describe how spanning-tree port states function when
STP is enabled
•Describe spanning-tree path costs
•Explain how STP recalculates the port states to
accommodate topology changes
•Describe the function of RSTP

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 Spanning Tree Protocol

•Provides a loop-free redundant network topology by

•placing certain ports in the blocking state

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 Spanning-Tree Operation
•One root bridge per broadcast domain
•One root port per nonroot bridge
•One designated port per segment
•Nondesignated ports are unused

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 Spanning Tree Protocol
Root Bridge Selection

•BPDU (default = sent every two seconds)

•Root bridge = bridge with the lowest bridge ID
•Bridge ID =
•
In this example, which switch has the lowest bridge ID?

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 Spanning-Tree Port States
Spanning tree transits each port through several different states:

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 Spanning-Tree Port States (Cont.)

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 Spanning-Tree Operation

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 Spanning-Tree Path Cost

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 Spanning-Tree Recalculation

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 Spanning-Tree Convergence
•Convergence occurs when all the switch and bridge
ports have transitioned to either the forwarding or the
blocking state.
•When the network topology changes, switches and
bridges must recompute STP, which disrupts user
traffic.

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 Rapid Spanning-Tree Protocol

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 Rapid Transition to Forwarding

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 Summary
•STP is a bridge-to-bridge protocol used to maintain a loop-free
network.
•To maintain a loop-free network topology, STP establishes a root
bridge, a root port, and designated ports.
•With STP, the root bridge has the lowest BID, which is made up of the
bridge priority and the MAC address.
•When STP is enabled, every bridge in the network goes through the
blocking state and the transitory states of listening and learning at
power up. If properly configured, the ports then stabilize to the
forwarding or blocking state.
•If the network topology changes, STP maintains connectivity by
transitioning some blocked ports to the forwarding state.
•RSTP significantly speeds the recalculation of the spanning tree when
the network topology changes.

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