Krebs cycle

Citric acid cycle

Prepared by:
JHON EXCELL SANO
 Citric acid cycle
• Also called as tricarboxylic acid (TCA)
cycle or simply Krebs cycle.
• In this process Acetyl-CoA is further
oxidized to generate more energy.
• There 10 reaction happens and its
divided into three segments.
 Step a: acetyl-coa + oxaloacetate
1. Acetyl-CoA removes its coenzyme A
and combines with oxaloacetate to
form citrate. Oxaloacetate is initially
formed from pyruvate by an enzyme
called pyruvate carboxylase, which
contains ATP.
Step b: citrate rearrangement and decarboxylation

2. Citrate atoms release one molecule

of water to form cis-aconitate.
3. The water molecule will return in a
different position to form
isocitrate.
4. Isocitrate will produce NADH to
Step b: citrate rearrangement and decarboxylation

5. Oxalosuccinate releases CO2 to form

a-ketoglutarate.
6. NADH and CO2 is released from a-
ketoglutarate. At the same time,
coenzymes A is attached to form
succinyl CoA.
Step b: citrate rearrangement and decarboxylation

7. Succinyl-CoA releases CoA to for

succinate. The energy from its release
is then used by guanosine diphosphate
(GDP) to form guanosine-5’-
triphosphate (GTP). GTP can transfer
the phosphate molecule to ADP to
form ATP
Step b: citrate rearrangement and decarboxylation

• In this segment generates two CO2,

one GTP, and two NADH molecules
per acetyl-CoA.
 Step c: regeneration of oxaloacetate

8. Succinate is oxidized to form fumarate.

The electron is collected by flavin
adenine dinucleotide (FAD) to form
FADH2, another electron carrier.
 Step c: regeneration of oxaloacetate

9. Water is added to fumarate to form

malate.
10. Malate is oxidized to form NADH. This
regenerates the molecule oxaloacetate,
which can be used to start a whole new
cycle again.
 Step c: regeneration of oxaloacetate

• For each molecule of acetyl-CoA, the

Krebs cycle produces three NADH, one
FADH2, one GTP, and two CO2
molecules.
 Oxidative phosphorylation
• NADH and FADH2 formed in aerobic
respiration carry their electrons to the inner
mitochondrial membrane.
• In the Cristae, these electron carriers transfers
their electrons to a series of membrane
proteins collectively called the electron
transport chain ETC.
 electron
Transport chain
Main goal:
• NADH and FADH2 formed in aerobic
respiration carry their electrons to the inner
mitochondrial membrane.
• In the Cristae, these electron carriers transfers
their electrons to a series of membrane
proteins collectively called the electron
transport chain ETC.
Etc steps:
1. Two electrons from NADH will go to the
first protein called NADH dehydrogenase.
This protein will pump two hydrogen ions
(H+) per electron into intermembrane
space.
Etc steps:
2. FADH2 will go directly to the second protein,
ubiquinone, to transfer its pair of electrons,
Two hydrogen molecules for each electron will
be pumped out. Another two H+ ions per
electron of NADH will be pumped out.
Etc steps:
3. The electrons will now pass through the third
protein called cytochrome oxidase, which will
use four electrons to combine an oxygen
molecule (O2) with four H+ ions and create
two molecules of water.
Electron transport chain:
• For one Acetyl-CoA produced in the Krebs
cycle, three molecules of NADH will pump
out 24H+ ions out of the matrix, and an
FADH2 molecule will pump out eight H+
ions out of the matrix. Some of these
electrons will now undergo chemiosmosis.
Scientists found out that three ATP is produced for
every NADH passing through the electron transport
chain, and two ATP is produced for Every molecule of
FADH2.
The total gross ATP yield is 40 ATP, but then two ATP are
used in glycolysis for the priming of the glucose
molecule. That leaves you with 38 ATP. But in eukaryotic
cells, total ATP yield is only 36 ATP because two ATP are
used to bring the two NADH from the cytoplasm to
enter the mitochondria.