Professional Documents
Culture Documents
PRACTICE
Test Relationships
QUALITATIVE STUDIES
(SOFT SCIENCE – BROAD FOCUS)
Gain Insights
Sample Footer Text 8/9/2018 7
Sample Footer Text 8/9/2018 8
Sample Footer Text 8/9/2018 9
EVIDENCE-BASED NURSING PRACTICE
• ABILITY TO ACCESS, SUMMARIZE, AND APPLY INFORMATION FROM TO
ADDRESS EVERY-DAY CLINICAL PROBLEMS
• EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE REQUIRES EMPHASIS ON SYSTEMATIC
OBSERVATION AND EXPERIENCE AND KNOWLEDGE OF THE RESEARCH
LITERATURE TO SUBSTANTIATE CLINICAL DECISIONS
EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE
• CONSCIENTIOUS PROBLEM-SOLVING APPROACH TO CAREGIVING
• INCORPORATES: (A) BEST RESEARCH EVIDENCE; (B) INDIVIDUAL’S
VALUES AND PREFERENCES; (C) CLINICIANS’ EXPERTISE
• NOT “THIS IS THE WAY WE HAVE ALWAYS DONE IT” --- INSTEAD,
PROVIDE HIGH QUALITY CARE BASED ON RESEARCH AND KNOWLEDGE
EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE
• RESULTS: BETTER CARE DELIVERY & DECISIONS
• CONTRIBUTES TO SCIENCE OF NURSING
• CURRENT AND RELEVANT PRACTICE
BARRIERS TO
EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE
• DO NOT VALUE RESEARCH IN PRACTICE
• LACK TIME TO READ RESEARCH
• RESEARCH REPORTS TOO COMPLEX
• DIFFICULT TO CHANGE PRACTICE
• LACK OF ADMINISTRATIVE SUPPORT OR KNOWLEDGEABLE MENTORS
• PROCESS SEEMS OVERWHELMING - LACK EDUCATION/UNDERSTANDING
ABOUT THE RESEARCH PROCESS & EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE
EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICE AND
CLINICAL NURSING PRACTICE
• MANAGE THE EXPLOSION OF RESEARCH FINDINGS THAT MAY IMPROVE
CLINICAL OUTCOMES
• RELIANCE ON TEXTBOOKS DOES NOT PROMOTE THE NEEDED CRITICAL
THINKING
• ENHANCE ABILITY TO MAKE QUALITY DECISIONS USING THE MOST
CURRENT & RELEVANT EXPERTISE/KNOWLEDGE
CLINICAL GUIDELINES
• AGENCY FOR HEALTHCARE RESEARCH AND QUALITY (AHRQ)
HTTPS://WWW.AHRQ.GOV/PROFESSIONALS/CLINICIANS-PROVIDERS/GUIDELINES-
RECOMMENDATIONS/INDEX.HTML
• COCHRANE LIBRARY
HTTP://WWW.COCHRANELIBRARY.COM/COCHRANE-DATABASE-OF-SYSTEMATIC-
REVIEWS/TABLE-OF-CONTENTS/CURRENT-ISSUE.HTML
• SPECIALTY ORGANIZATIONS: AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF
NEUROSCIENCE NURSES
HTTP://AANN.ORG/PUBLICATIONS/CLINICAL-PRACTICE-GUIDELINES
HIERARCHY OF EVIDENCE
LEVEL A:
• GOLD STANDARD: RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS (RCT)
• SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OR META-ANALYSIS OF RELEVANT RCT
• CLINICAL PRACTICE GUIDELINES
LEVEL B:
• WELL-DESIGNED STUDIES (NOT RCT)
• CASE-CONTROLLED STUDIES
• UNCONTROLLED STUDIES (CONVENIENCE SAMPLES)
• EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES
• QUALITATIVE/QUANTITATIVE STUDIES (DESCRIPTIVE, CORRELATIONAL)
HIERARCHY OF EVIDENCE
LEVEL C:
• CONSENSUS VIEWPOINT AND EXPERT OPINION (USE WHEN NO QUANTITATIVE
OR QUALITATIVE STUDIES IN THE AREA OF INTEREST)
• META-SYNTHESIS (SYSTEMATIC REVIEW THAT SYNTHESIZES FINDINGS FROM
QUALITATIVE STUDIES
Sample Footer Text 8/9/2018 21
ASKING YOUR QUESTION
PICO IS A MNEMONIC - DESCRIBES 4 ELEMENTS OF CLINICAL QUESTIONS:
• P = POPULATION/PROBLEM - HOW DO YOU DESCRIBE THE PROBLEM OR
A GROUP OF SIMILAR PATIENTS?
• I = INTERVENTION - WHAT MAIN INTERVENTION, PROGNOSTIC FACTOR
OR EXPOSURE IS TO BE CONSIDERED?
• C = COMPARISON - IS THERE AN ALTERNATIVE TO COMPARE WITH THE
INTERVENTION?
• O = OUTCOME - WHAT DO YOU HOPE TO ACCOMPLISH, MEASURE,
IMPROVE OR AFFECT?
Sample Footer Text 8/9/2018 25
LITERATURE REVIEWS
• ANSWER PICO QUESTION
• SYNTHESIZE THE LITERATURE IN A FIELD
• IDENTIFY GAPS IN THE LITERATURE
• EVALUATE THE STRENGTH OF THE LITERATURE
SKILLS NEEDED
• NOTE TAKING SKILLS
• SYNTHESIS SKILLS - SEE RELATIONSHIPS AND PATTERNS
• SUMMARY SKILLS
• EVALUATION SKILLS
NOTE-TAKING SKILLS
• SPREADSHEET: CITATION, MAIN ARGUMENTS & FINDINGS, STUDY
RELATIONSHIPS
• NOTES: KEY QUOTES & CITATIONS, RESPONSE TO QUOTES, CONNECTIONS
OR CONFLICTS SEEN AMONG KEY POINTS, THEMES IDENTIFIED
• BUCKETS: BASE ON DATABASES, SEARCH TERMS USED - BREAK DOWN THE
WRITING PROCESS INTO USEFUL SECTIONS
SYNTHESIS
• STUDY QUESTIONS
• WHEN/WHERE WAS STUDY CONDUCTED
• WHO OR WHAT WAS STUDIED
• SAMPLE SIZE (TRAITS/CHARACTERISTICS)
• STUDY TYPE/METHODS
• FINDINGS
SYNTHESIS
• MAKE RESPONSIBLE OBSERVATIONS OR GENERALIZATIONS ABOUT A SET OF TEXTS
• MAKE ASSERTIONS OR ARGUMENTS ABOUT THE AVAILABLE LITERATURE
• ARTICULATE CONSENSUS POSITIONS
• IDENTIFY TRENDS AND/OR CONTROVERSIES
• SUMMARIZE THE EXISTING BODY OF LITERATURE
WRITING OF SYNTHESIS
• ONE STUDY WAS FOUND THAT DESCRIBES…..
• ANOTHER STUDY ADDRESSES…..
• THE NEXT STUDY IDENTIFIES…..
Diagnosis Disease or condition Test or procedure Gold standard for Test utility, trends,
the problem diminished
complications, LOS
Prognosis
Causation
Sample Footer Text 8/9/2018 41
FIVE A’S –EVIDENCE –BASED PROCESS
• ASK: INFORMATION NEEDS FROM PRACTICE ARE CONVERTED INTO FOCUSED,
STRUCTURED QUESTIONS.
• ACQUIRE: THE FOCUSED QUESTIONS ARE USED AS A BASIS FOR LITERATURE
SEARCHING IN ORDER TO IDENTIFY RELEVANT EXTERNAL EVIDENCE FROM
RESEARCH.
• APPRAISE: THE RESEARCH EVIDENCE IS CRITICALLY APPRAISED FOR VALIDITY.
• APPLY: THE BEST AVAILABLE EVIDENCE IS USED ALONGSIDE CLINICAL EXPERTISE
AND THE PATIENT'S PERSPECTIVE TO PLAN CARE.
• ASSESS: PERFORMANCE IS EVALUATED THROUGH A PROCESS OF SELF
REFLECTION, AUDIT, OR PEER ASSESSMENT.
Disseminate
44
RESOURCES
• AGENCY FOR HEALTHCARE RESEARCH AND QUALITY EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE
CENTERS: HTTPS://WWW.AHRQ.GOV/PROFESSIONALS/CLINICIANS-
PROVIDERS/GUIDELINES-RECOMMENDATIONS/INDEX.HTML
• THE COCHRANE COLLABORATION:
• COCHRANE REVIEWS: HTTP://WWW.COCHRANE.ORG/WHAT-IS-COCHRANE-
EVIDENCE
• EVIDENCE-BASED HEALTHCARE: HTTP://WWW.COCHRANE.ORG/WHAT-IS-
COCHRANE-EVIDENCE
• NATIONAL GUIDELINE CLEARINGHOUSE: HTTPS://WWW.GUIDELINE.GOV/
• EBSCO NURSING REFERENCE CENTER:
HTTPS://WWW.EBSCOHOST.COM/NURSING/PRODUCTS/NURSING-REFERENCE-
CENTER/NURSING-REFERENCE-CENTER-CONTENT