Uji tarik

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 Materi kuliah :

 Uji tarik.
 Standarisasi uji tarik
 Kurva tegangan regangan dan intepretasinya.
UJI TEGANGAN
• Contoh spesimen uji tarik
DAN REGANGAN
• Skema uji tarik

• Tipe uji lain :

-- tekan : bahan getas
(misal : beton)
-- torsi : poros, tabung silinder
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Tensile Test Machine (Instron)
Extensometer Grip

Specimen

Grip
 TENSILE STRENGTH, TS
• Maximum possible engineering stress in tension.

• Metals: occurs when noticeable necking starts.

• Ceramics: occurs when crack propagation starts.
• Polymers: occurs when polymer backbones are
aligned and about to break.
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 Terms
Necking: The localized decrease in diameter in a
specimen near the rupture point.

Elastic Deformation Region: The area of a stress -

strain curve where the specimen will deform under load, yet
return to its original shape when the load is removed.

Plastic Deformation: Deformation that occurs once

the object has been stressed past its elastic limit. The
deformation is no longer reversible.
 Grip

Tensile Test
Specimen

Grip
Necking
Necking Starts
Starts
 Necking

“Necking” occurs as
the sample leaves
the elastic
deformation region
and begins to
deform plastically.
Fracture Initiates
at Necking Area
Fracture is
Complete at
Necking Area
The classic cup &
cone shape of a
fairly ductile tensile
fracture is visible
here.
 DUCTILE VS BRITTLE FAILURE
• Classification:

• Ductile Ductile: Brittle:

fracture is warning before No
desirable! fracture warning

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Compare the material properties of
these three metal samples.

All three failed under tension

 Standarisasi UJI TARIK
 ASTM STANDART
 ASTM E8
 ASTM 21
 ASTM A278
 ASTM E646
 Tensile Test Stress Strain Diagram
The applied stress versus the strain or elongation of the
specimen shows the initial elastic response of the material,
followed by yielding, plastic deformation and finally
necking and failure. Several measurements are taken from
the plot, called the Engineering Stress-Strain Diagram.
These include:

Modulus of elasticity
Yield strength
Tensile strength
Modulus of resilience
Failure stress
Ductility
Toughness
Modulus of elasticity - the initial slope of the curve, related
directly to the strength of the atomic bonds.
 Menghitung modulus elastisitas
 Modulus elastisitas (E)
1   0
E
1   0
ε0 ε1
σ1

σ0

Daerah elastis
Yield strength, usually defined as the point at which a
consistent and measureable amount of permanent strain
remains in the specimen.
0.2 % Offset Yield StrengthOffset Yield Strength

Defining the yield stress as the point separating elastic

from plastic deformation is easier than determining that
point. The elastic portion of the curve is not perfectly
linear, and microscopic amounts of deformation can occur.
As a matter of practical convenience, the yield strength is
determined by constructing a line parallel to the initial
portion of the stress-strain curve but offset by 0.2% from
the origin. The intersection of this line and the measured
stress-strain line is used as an approximation of the
material's yield strength, called the 0.2% offset yield.
0.2 % Offset Yield Strength
Tensile strength - the maximum stress applied to the specimen.
 Failure stress - the stress applied to the specimen at failure
(usually less than the maximum tensile strength because
necking reduces the cross-sectional area)
 DUCTILITY, %EL
L f  Lo
• Plastic tensile strain at failure: %EL  x100
Lo

Adapted from Fig. 6.13,

Callister 6e.

Ao  A f
• Another ductility measure: %AR  x100
Ao
• Note: %AR and %EL are often comparable.
--Reason: crystal slip does not change material volume.
--%AR > %EL possible if internal voids form in neck.
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Ductility - the total elongation of the specimen due to plastic
deformation, neglecting the elastic stretching (the broken
ends snap back and separate after failure).
 Ductility

% Elongation:
% elongation is a measure of ductility, which is given by:

% elongation =100 * (Lf - Lo)/ Lo

where,
Lo = Initial length
Lf = Final Length
 Ductility
% Reduction in Area:
% reduction in area is a measure of ductility, which is given
by:

% reduction in area =100 * (Ao - Af)/ Ao

where,
Ao = Initial arae
Af = Final area
Modulus of resilience - the area under the linear part of the
curve, measuring the stored elastic energy.
Toughness - the total area under the curve, which measures the
energy absorbed by the specimen in the process of breaking.
 TOUGHNESS
• Energy to break a unit volume of material
• Approximate by the area under the stress-strain
curve.
Engineering smaller toughness (ceramics)
tensile larger toughness
stress,  (metals, PMCs)

smaller toughness-
unreinforced
polymers

Engineering tensile strain, 

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 True Stress and Engineering Stress:
True stress is calculated by :
 = (applied force)/(area) =P/A
where A=Actual area (actual area constantly decreases from
its initial value)
Substitution of the actual area into the equation gives a
larger stress (true stress) than the engineering stress. Note
that engineering stress uses the initial area, regardless of the
change in diameter during the tensile test.

TRUE
STRESS

STRESS

ENGINEERING
STRESS

STRAIN
 STRAIN HARDENING EXPONENT
• An increase in y due to plastic deformation.

• Curve fit to the stress-strain response:

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The Tensile Stress-Strain Curve

Load →
Tensile specimen

Stroke →

Gauge Length → L0

Possible axes

s →
e →

Initial cross sectional area → A0

 →
 →
Engineering stress-strain curve
Engineering Stress (s) and Strain (e)

P L 0 → initial
s e Subscript
A0 L0 i → instantaneous
True stress-strain curve
True Stress () and Strain ()
L
P dL L
   ln
Ai L0
L L0
Comparison between “Engineering” and “True” quantities:

  s( 1  e)

ε  ln ( 1  e)

Comparison between true strain and engineering strain

True strain () 0.01 0.10 0.20 0.50 1.0 4.0
Engineering strain (e) 0.01 0.105 0.22 0.65 1.72 53.6
 Due to collective motion
Yield point of many dislocations

Necking begins X
UTS

 →
s →

e →  →
Elastic region
Usually expressed as (for plastic)
Elastic + Plastic region
X Fracture  plastic  K plastic
n

UTS- Ultimate Tensile Strength

• The values of K and n can be found plotting the
true stress–strain curve on log–log coordinates.
Noting that log σ = log K+ nlog ε, so the slope
equals n and K is the intercept at ε = 1. Figure 3.5
shows such a plot for an aluminum alloy. Note
that there are three zones. Zone I is the elastic
region where σ = Eε. Zone II is the region of
transition between elastic and fully plastic
behavior and the material in Zone III is fully
• A true stress-strain curve is frequently called a flow
curve, because it gives the stress required to cause the
metal to flow plastically to any given strain.
• The mathematical equation used to describe the
stress-strain relationship is a power expression of the
form:

  k n

where K is the stress at  = 1.0 and n, the strain-

hardening coefficient, is the slope of a log-log of
log   log K  n log 
That is,