DESIGN

OF
SUBSCRIBER
LOOP
1. SIGNALING LIMIT (RESISTANCE LIMIT)

RLOOP = loop
0.1095
𝑅𝐿𝑂𝑂𝑃 = resistance in Ω/mile
𝑑2
d = diameter of
conductor in inches
Typical Loss and Loop Resistance of
Subscriber Cable
Loop Diameter
Cable Gauge Resistance In mm
Ω/1000 ft
26 83.5 0.4 – 0.5

24 51.9 0.51 – 0.6

22 32.4 0.61 – 0.9

19 16.1 0.91 – 1.2

 Resistance Limit for
Several Switching Equipment
Exchange Type Resistance Limit (Ω) Standards
No.1 Step-by-step 1300 USA
No.1 Crossbar 1300 USA
No. 5 Crossbar 1520 USA
ESS 2000 USA
Panel 785 USA
Penta Conta 1250 ITT
Rotary 1200 ITT
Meta Conta 2000 ITT
 Sample Problem
• If we want a 10-mi loop and allow 100 Ω/mi of
loop. What diameter of copper wire would we
need?

Ans
0.033 in
 Sample Problem
• If we want a 8 -mi loop and allow 125 Ω/mi of
loop. What gauge of copper wire would we
need?

Ans
#22
 2. ATTENUATION LIMIT
Gauge Loss
dB/1000 ft
26 0.51
24 0.41
22 0.32
19 0.21

The maximum attenuation for a loop is limited to 6 dB

 Sample Problem
• Calculate the maximum loop length
permissible for transmission design
consideration if we use a cable gauge of #19.

Ans
28.57 kft
 Sample Problem
• Calculate the maximum loop length in kilo-
feet for transmission design consideration if
we use a cable gauge of #26 and the C.O.
equipment is Penta Conta.

Ans
14.97 kft
 Sample Problem
A. What is the maximum subscriber loop length in
feet of a telephone system if the signaling
resistance is 1800 Ω using a telephone cable pair of
gauge #26 if the telephone instrument resistance is
200 Ω? Ans
19.16 kft
B. If the same subscriber loop above limits the voice
transmission attenuation to a minimum of 6 dB,
what is the maximum allowable subscriber loop
length in feet?
Ans
11.76 kft
 Common Method to
Attain Longer Loops
• 1. Increase the diameter of the conductor

• 2. Use amplifiers and/or loop extender

• 3. Use inductive loading (loading coil)

 TRAFFIC ENGINEERING
• Traffic in communications refers to the
aggregate of all user request being serviced by
the network. As far as the network is
concerned, the service requests arrive
randomly and usually require unpredictable
service time.
TRAFFIC ANALYSIS REQUIREMENTS
1. Characterization of traffic arrivals and service
time in a probabilistic frame work.

2. An evaluation can be made by examining

how much traffic it carries under normal or
average loads and how often the traffic
volume exceeds the capacity of the network
 TRAFFIC ANALYSIS
GENERAL CATEGORIES
1. LOSS SYSTEM
an overload traffic is rejected without
serviced.

2. DELAY SYSTEM
an overload traffic is held in a queue until
the facilities become available to service it.
 TRAFFIC MEASUREMENTS
One measure of network capacity is the volume of traffic
carried over a period of time.

TRAFFIC VOLUME (V)

the sum of all holding times carried during the
interval
TRAFFIC INTENSITY (A)
obtained by dividing the traffic volume by length of
time during which it is measured. It is represented by the
average activity during a period of time.
 UNIT OF TRAFFIC INTENSITY
Erlang
The international dimensionless unit of traffic
intensity.

Traffic Unit (TU)

The average intensity in one or more traffic
paths carrying an aggregate traffic of 1 call-hour
in 1 hour.
Equated Busy-Hour Call (EBHC)
The average intensity in one or more traffic
paths occupied in the busy-hour by one 2-min
call or an aggregate duration of 2 min.

Call Hour (Ch)

The quantity represented by one or more calls
having an aggregate duration of 1 hour
Century or Hundred call-second per hour (CCS)
A unit of traffic intensity equal to 1/36 of an
erlang.

Call-minute (Cm)
The quantity represented by one or more calls
having an aggregate duration of 1 minute.
Call-seconds (Cs)
The quantity represented by one or more calls
having an aggregate duration of 1 second.

1Erlang=1TU=1Ch=60Cm=3600Cs=36CCs=30EBHC
Departure Rate (µ)

𝟏
µ=
𝑻

T = mean holding time per call

 Traffic Volume (V)

V=nxT

where:

V = volume of calls in time (t)

n = number of calls in time period (t)
T = mean holding time per call
 Traffic Intensity

𝒏
𝑨= xT 𝑨 = 𝑪xT
𝒕

𝑪 𝑽
𝑨= 𝑨=
µ 𝒕

C = calling rate
t = time period of observation
 Sample Problem
Suppose that the average holding time is 2.5
min per call and the calling rate in the BH for a
particular day is 237.Determine the traffic
intensity in call-minutes and call-hours.
Ans
592.5 Cm

Ans
9.87 Ch
 Sample Problem
A call established at 2am between the central
computer and a data terminal. Assuming a
continuous connection and data transferred at
34 kpbs. What is the traffic if the call is
terminated at 2:45 am?

Ans
0.75 Erlang
 Sample Problem
A group of 20 subscriber generates 50 calls with
an average holding time of 3 minutes. What is
the average traffic per subscriber?

Ans
0.125Erlang/subscriber
 Sample Problem
During the busy hour, the average calling rate
per subscriber of a 2000 lines telephone
exchange is 0.80. If the holding time per call is 5
minutes, what is the total traffic handled by the
telephone exchange in CCS during busy hour?

Ans
2.4 CCs
 Offered Traffic (TO)
The traffic intensity that would occur if all traffic
submitted to a group of circuits could be
processed.

The volume of traffic offered to a switch.

 Carrier Traffic (TC)
The traffic intensity actually handled by the
group of circuits.

The volume of traffic actually carried by a switch

 Lost Traffic (TL)
The portion of the traffic that cannot be
processed by the group of circuits.

The difference between the offered traffic and

carried traffic.
Relation between TO, TC, and TL

TO = TC + TL

TL = TO x P(B)
 Circuit Utilization (ρ)
The proportion of time a circuit is busy, or
average proportion of time each circuit in a
group is busy (circuit efficiency)

𝑻𝑪 where:
ρ=
𝑵 N = number of trunk circuits
 Grade of Service (GoS) or
Blocking Probability (P(B))
A measure of probability that, during a specified period
of peak traffic, a call offered to a group of trunks of
circuits will fail to find an idle circuit at the first
attempt. Usually applied to the busy hour of traffic.

𝑇𝐿
GoS =
𝑇𝑂 𝑥100%
Grade of Service (GoS) or
Blocking Probability (P(B))

𝑁
𝐴
𝑁!
GoS =
N 𝑥
𝐴
σ
X=0
𝑥!
 Sample Problem
Calculate the trunk efficiency for a group of 26
trunks that offers 10 Erlangs of traffic and a
blocking probability of 0.2%.

Ans
38.4 %
 Sample Problem
If we know that there are 354 seizures and 6
blocked calls during the BH, what is the grade of
service?

Ans
1.7 %
 Sample Problem
Suppose we use 5 trunks, and the route offered
1.66 Erlang of traffic. Calculate the grade of
service to implement.

Ans
2%