Chapter 6 Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 5th Edition by Douglas C. Montgomery.

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 Design of Fraction Nonconforming
Chart
• Three parameters must be specified
1. The sample size
2. The frequency of sampling
3. The width of the control limits
• Common to base chart on 100% inspection
of all process output over time
• Rational subgroups may also play role in
determining sampling frequency

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 • Refer to Table 6-9 for occurrence of defect type by type of printed
circuit board (part number)`
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• When defect levels or in general, count rates, in a process become very
low—say, under 1000 occurrences per million—there will be very long
periods of time between the occurrence of a nonconforming unit.
Conventional c and u charts become ineffective as count rates are driven
into the low parts per million (ppm) range.

• The time-between-events control chart has been very effective as a process-

control procedure for processes with low defect levels. If the “events” of
interest occur according to a Poisson distribution, the probability
distribution of the time between events is the exponential distribution.

• Constructing a time-between-events control chart is essentially equivalent

to control charting an exponentially distributed variable.

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 New material in APPENDIX could not be from textbook

APPENDIX

Chapter 6 Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 5th Edition by Douglas C. Montgomery. 75

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 Types of Data
Continuous Data
• Often obtained by use of a measuring
system
• The usefulness of the data depends on
the quality of the measurement system
• Counts of non-rare occurrences are best
treated as continuous data
Discrete Data
• Includes percentages, counts, attribute,
and ordinal
– Percentages = the proportion of items
with a given characteristic; need to be
able to count both occurrences and
and non-occurrences
– For count data, it is impossible or
impractical to count a non-occurrence;
the event must be rare
• Occurrences must be independent
 Examples of Data
Type/
How Obtained Examples
Continuous Service: Elapsed time to complete transaction, average length of phone calls
(or “variables”)
Manufacturing: Elapsed cycle time, metal purity, gauge production rates, weight, length,
Measuring instrument
or a calculation speed
Both: Budget vs. actual (dollars); average customer satisfaction score; amount
purchased
Discrete: Service: Proportion of late applications, incorrect invoices
Percentage or
proportion Manufacturing: Proportion of defective items, reworked items, damaged items, late
Count occurrences
shipments
and non-occurrences Both: Proportion of employees absent, incomplete orders

Discrete: Service: Number of applications, errors, complaints, etc.

Count
Count occurrences
in an area of
Manufacturing: Number of computer malfunctions, machine breakdowns, accidents
opportunity

Discrete: Service: Type of application, type of request

Attribute Manufacturing: Type of product
Observation Both: Type of customer, type of method used (new vs. old), location of activity

Discrete: Both: Customer rating (1=very satis/ 5= very dissatis); day of week (MTWRF),
Ordinal date, time order
Observation or
Ranking