Cluster Based Low-Latency

Routing and Resource Management

Protocols for VANETs

Zahid Khan, Pingzhi Fan, Fakhar Abbas

 Outline
 Introduction
I. Clustering in VANETs
II. Major Contributions
 IEEE 802.11p based Clustering
Schemes
I. CRLLR Clustering
 C-V2X based Clustering
I. MMZ
II. C-V2X based Resource Allocation
 Conclusion
 Introduction
Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs)
 Collection of Intelligent Vehicles
enhanced Mobile Broadband
o Low latency
o High Spectral Efficiency

Target Reliability: 99.999%

Target Latency: 1ms

massive Machine Type Ultra-reliable, low latency

Communication communications

 Improved link budget  Improved latency

 Low device complexity  Improved reliability
 Long device battery life  Higher availability
 High density device  Higher security
deployment
 Clustering in VANETs
Cluster based Routing in VANETs
Goals
 Energy Efficiency
 Stability
 Scalability
 Reliability
 Latency
 Resource Management

Our Cluster based Schemes &

Resource Management based on
 DSRC based V2V communications
 Hybrid (Cellular + IEEE 802.11p)
 M ajor C ontributions
R esourc e A lloc ation
M ain T ar gets S c heme based on C -V 2X

V2V RA
C om putational O verhead IE E E 802.11p B ased Proposed
C lustering
S c heme
R eliability
G oals CRLLR MMZ

E 2E D elay & L atenc y C -V 2X B ased Proposed

C lustering
S c heme
R esourc e M anagem ent  L imited mobility,
 lac k of advanc e use c ases,
 limited c overage,
 latenc y & R eliability
 Outline
 Introduction
I. Clustering in VANETs
II. Major Contributions
 IEEE 802.11p based Clustering
Schemes
I. CRLLR Clustering
 C-V2X based Clustering
I. MMZ
II. C-V2X based Resource Allocation
 Conclusion
 IEEE 802.11p based Clustering
Adaptive QoS routing scheme (AQRV)
 Optimal route between two intersections using ACO
 Two metrics (connectivity probability and latency)
 Limitations
 Greedy carry forwarding increase end-to-end latency
 Unacceptable search increase time complexity
Trust-based Ad hoc on-demand multipath distance vector (T-AOMDV)
 Extending AOMDV protocol
 Limitations
 Nodes behavior and recommended trust values increase latency
 Trusted values in response route increases latency and complexity
Guangyu Li, et al,“ Adaptive Quality of Service based Routing for Vehicular Ad hoc Networks
with Ant Colony Optimization," IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 0018-9545 (c),
Sep, 2017.
Dejian Wei, et al, "Trust-based ad hoc on- demand multipath distance vector routing in
MANETs," in proc.16th IEEE Int.Conf. Communications and Information Technologies
(ISCIT), Nov, 2016, pp.210-215.
 IEEE 802.11p based Clustering

Clustering-based Reliable Low-Latency Multipath Routing

(CRLLR) Scheme for VANETs
 Existing AOMDV protocol is extended CRLLR scheme
 ACO method in VANETs
 Optimal and reliable route
 Reduce the overall latency
 Proposed CRLLR uses
 Link reliability
 ACO routing technique for Cluster Heads (CHs) selection
 CRLLR benefits from the pheromone values
Abbas, Fakhar, and Pingzhi Fan. "Clustering-based reliable low-latency routing scheme
using ACO method for vehicular networks." Vehicular Communications 12 (2018): 66-74.
 CRLLR System Model

 Link Reliability based on vehicles speed and relative distance

t+Test

rt l = න f T dt if Test > 0
t
 CRLLR ACO Rules
 Ant colony optimization (ACO) supports
 Optimal route discovery from source to destination vehicle.

 Solving routing optimization problems.

 ACO find the optimal route based on

 Maximum reliability

 Adaptability

 Decentralization

 Global ACO rules

 State Transition Rule in ACO

 Pheromone Deposit Rule

 Pheromone Evaporation Rule

CRLLR Clustering Algorithm
 .
 CRLLR Results
Experiment 1: Summary of Simulation Parameters
 Different relative velocity (40 Simulation Area 1 km x 5km

to 120 km/h) over CRLLR’s Mobility Model Highway

Latency and Reliability. Connection type UDP
Experiment 2: Communication range 200-1000m

 Different number of vehicles MAC Protocol 802.11p

(30 to 100 vehicles) over Simulation duration 100 seconds

CRLLR CRLLR’s Latency and Vehicle’s velocities Normally distributed

Reliability. Number of runs 20
Performance Metrics
 Reliability
 Average throughput,
 Average End-to-End Latency,
 Average Energy consumption,
 CRLLR Experiment 1

Impact of different relative velocities on reliability Impact of different relative velocities on Average E2E
(Number of vehicles 50, R 1000m, t 10 sec) Latency (Number of vehicles 50, R 1000m, t 10 sec)
 CRLLR Experiment 2

Impact of different number of nodes on reliability Impact of different number of nodes on Average E2E
(Avg Velocity 60 km/h, R 1000m, t 10 sec) Latency (Avg Velocity 60 km/h, R 1000m, t 10 sec)
 Outline
 Introduction
I. Clustering in VANETs
II. Major Contributions
 IEEE 802.11p based Clustering
Schemes
I. CRLLR Clustering
 C-V2X based Clustering
I. MMZ
II. C-V2X based Resource Allocation
 Conclusion
 Cellular-V2X based Clustering
 DSRC based V2V communications VMaSC Cluster head (CH)
has two issues Relative mobility,
 Broadcast Storm Relative location
 Network Disconnection link life time (LLT)[6] was ignored.
 5G to VANETs
 Wide coverage
 Low latency
 Hybrid architecture (LTE + IEEE
802.11p) based clustering scheme
 Vehicular Multi-hop algorithm for
Stable Clustering (VMaSC) is
proposed
 In VMaSC Communication model
based on 4G LTE
S. Ucar, S. C. Ergen, and O. Ozkasap, “Multihop- cluster-based ieee 802.11 p and lte hybrid
architecture for vanet safety message dissemination,” IEEE Transactions on Vehicular
Technology, vol. 65, no. 4, pp. 2621–2636, 2016.
 Cellular-V2X based Clustering
 Novel cluster based routing scheme
 Stable group of vehicle
 An optimal cluster head or zonal head (ZH)
 ZH selection metric
 Cumulated from relative speed or relative distance or link life time
(LLT)
 Contention based on back-off timer
 Leads to broadcast storm
 MOving ZOnes (MoZo)
 Form zones based on similarity score
 Network disconnection problem occurs in low dense topology
 Proposed C-V2X based clustering Scheme
 Multi-hop Moving Zone
M. Ren, J. Zhang, L. Khoukhi, H. Labiod, and V. Ve`que, “A unified framework of clustering
approach in vehicular ad hoc networks,” IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation
Systems, 2017.
D. Lin, J. Kang, A. Squicciarini, Y. Wu, S. Gurung, and O. Tonguz, “Mozo: A moving zone
based routing protocol using pure v2v communication in vanets,” IEEE Transactions on
Mobile Computing, vol. 16, no. 5, pp. 1357–1370,2017.
 C-V2X based MMZ Clustering

 Hybrid Architecture (IEEE 802.11p + 3GPP LTE)

 Vehicles are clustered up-to three hops using V2V communications
 Reduced excessive cellular hand-off cost.
 ZH selection’s metrics (C-V2X)
 Relative speed
 distance
 LLT
Khan, Zahid, and Pingzhi Fan. "A multi-hop moving zone (MMZ) clustering scheme based
on cellular-V2X." China Communications 15.7 (2018): 55-66.
 C-V2X based MMZ
 Average link life time (LLT) of neighboring nodes
1
LLTavg   LLTij (1)
N i jNS
 Average relative velocity of neighboring nodes
1
Vavg   vij (2)
Ni jNS

 Average relative distance of neighboring nodes

1
Davg   Dij (3)
N i jNS

 Combo metric for CH selection

LLTavg Davg vavg
CM  (1  ) ( ) ( ) ( 4)
LLTmax Dmax vmax
C -V 2X based M M Z
M M Z Stability A nalysis
M M Z L atenc y and D PD R A nalysis
 Outline
 Introduction
I. Clustering in VANETs
II. Major Contributions
 IEEE 802.11p based Clustering
Schemes
I. CRLLR Clustering
 C-V2X based Clustering
I. MMZ
II. C-V2X based Resource Allocation
 Conclusion
 C-V2X based Resource Allocation (RA)

 VANETs aided D2D discovery [6]

 Reduced consumption of resources in LTE-A network
 Latency performance improvement in highway scenarios

 Major limitations in existing approach

 Uniform velocity constraint.
 The end-to-end latency was not considered comprehensively
 Ignored the traffic volume increase
 Resources allocated before discovery
Hussein Chour, Youssef Nasser, Hassan Artail, Alaa Kachouh and Ahmed Al-Dubai, ”
VANET aided D2D Discovery: Delay Analysis and Performance,” IEEE Trans. Veh.
Technol., vol. 66, no. 9, pp. 80598071, Sep. 2017.
 Proposed C-V2X based RA Contributions

 Proposed V2V resource allocation based on C-V2X and 802.11p

aims
 To improve the latency
 Packet delivery ratio
 Throughput performance
 A latency-minimized resource allocation used for
 Cellular based V2V links
 Maximize the total network-weighted latency reduction under the
SINR constraints of the selected links
 V2V link selection is greedy approach

Abbas, Fakhar, Pingzhi Fan, and Zahid Khan. "A Novel Low-Latency V2V Resource Allocation
Scheme Based on Cellular V2X Communications." IEEE Transactions on Intelligent
Transportation Systems (2018).
 C-V2X based (RA) System Model

Fakhar Abbas and Pingzhi Fan, “A Hybrid Low-Latency D2D Resource Allocation Scheme
Based on Cellular V2X Networks” Accepted in ICC WORKSHOP 2018 on 5G Ultra Dense
Networks (5G-UDN).
 C-V2X based (RA) Algorithm
𝑰𝒏𝒑𝒖𝒕: 𝑆𝑒𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝐷2𝐷 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑘𝑠 𝑀 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑡 𝑜𝑓
𝑜𝑟𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑔𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑙𝑠 (𝐶).
𝑹𝒆𝒔𝒖𝒍𝒕: 𝑆𝑒𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝐷2𝐷 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑘𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔
𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑙𝑠 𝑄 = { 𝑙, 𝑐 |𝑙  M, c  C} .

1. 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑡
2. 𝑰𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒍𝒊𝒛𝒆: 𝑆𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝐷2𝐷 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑘𝑠 𝐿 =  ; decision set Q = 
3. 𝑭𝒐𝒓 𝑗 = 1,2,3, … … 𝐶
i. 𝑀𝑗 ← 𝑀\𝐿, 𝑡 ← 0, 𝑀𝑗 ,0 ← 𝑀𝑗 , 𝐿𝑗 ,0 ← 𝐿𝑗 ; \\ M is the set of possible
links from vehicles in  z to vehicle in i .
ii. 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑘 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑠 {𝑤𝑗 ,0 (𝑙)|𝑙  𝑀𝑗 ,0 };
iii. 𝒘𝒉𝒊𝒍𝒆 𝑀𝑗 ,𝑡  
iv. 𝑭𝒐𝒓 𝑙  𝑀𝑗 ,𝑡
v. 𝑖𝑓 𝑡 > 0, 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑒𝑤 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑤𝑗 ,𝑡 (𝑙) based on (12)
wj,t (l )  w j,t 1  l     w t  l   l    wt l   l  
x x
(14)
l Lj,t

Compute the weighted interference based on (13).

 l Tl  M j,t
wj,t (l )
d j,t (l ) 
wj,t (l )

vi. 𝒆𝒏𝒅 𝑓𝑜𝑟

vii. 𝑆𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑘 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑛 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑏𝑒𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑘
l j,t
l j,t  arg min lM j,t d j,t  l 

viii. 𝑢𝑝𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑒𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑘𝑠 𝐿𝑗 ,𝑡 +1 ← 𝐿𝑗 ,𝑡  {𝑙𝑗 ,𝑡 }

ix. 𝑢𝑝𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑘𝑠 𝑀𝑗 ,𝑡+1 ← 𝑀𝑡 \𝑇𝐿𝑗 ,𝑡 +1
x. 𝑢𝑝𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑒𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑘𝑠 𝑄 ← 𝑄  {𝑙𝑗 ,𝑡 , 𝑐𝑗 }
xi. 𝑡 ← 𝑡 + 1;
xii. 𝒆𝒏𝒅 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑙𝑒
xiii. 𝐿 ← 𝐿𝑗 ,𝑡 ;

4. 𝒆𝒏𝒅 for
 C-V2Xbased (RA) Results
Experiment 1: Summary of Simulation Parameters
Parameter Value
 The impacts of vehicle relative Road Length 1km * 10km
velocity from 30 to 130 km/h on Transmission range 250m- 1000m
the performance.
Path loss exponent 4
Packet size 112 byte
Experiment 2: Transmission power for D2D 28 dBm
Communication
 The impact of different number of Receiver Sensitivity for V2V -90 dBm
vehicles on the latency Distance between V2V Links 100 m
performance. Simulation runs 30
Mobility trace duration 500s
Experiment 3:
 The impact of different threshold .
.
Performance Metrics
 Average End-to-End Latency
 Packet Delivery Ratio
 Experiment 1:C-V2X based RA

Fig.2 . Impact of different velocities over average Fig.3 . Impact of different velocities over packet delivery
latency ratio
 Experiment 2:C-V2X based RA

Fig.5 . Impact of different Threshold over average Fig.6 . Impact of different Threshold over packet
latency delivery ratio
 Conclusion(s)

 Clustering in VANETs perform very well to improve

 Resource management

 Reliability

 Stability

 Complexity

 IEEE 802.11p faces challenges in V2V based

communications and resource allocations.

 C-V2X resolved most of DSRC based challenges

Questions?