Integrated Pest Management

(IPM)
Some basic concepts: Pest:, Pesticides, Insects, Mites:,
Beneficial Insects
Harmful Insect, Predators, Parasite
,Parasitoid
Hyperparasites:Economic Injury Level, Economic Threshold Level
Resurgence of pest, Pest Resistance, Target insect, Non-target insects

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Pest: An injurious, noxious or troublesome insects, fungus, bacteria,
virus, weed, rodent or other plant or animal.
Pesticides: Substances intended to repel, kill or control any species
designated a pest including weeds, insects, rodents, fungi, bacteria
or other organism.
The family of pesticides includes herbicides, insecticides,
rodenticides, fungicides, & bactericides.
Pesticide Residue: A film of pesticide left on the plant, soil, container,
equipment etc. after application of pesticides.
Parasite: An organism that lives at the expense of another (host) which
it does not usually kill.
Parasitoid: A parasite that kills its host.
Endoparasite: A parasite that lives internally at the expense of another,
which it does not kill.

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Ectoparasite: A parasite that lives externally on and at the expense of
another which it does not kill.
Predator: An organism that eats more than one other organism during
its life.
Predation: Prying on other organism.
Resistance: The ability to withstand ( insecticdes).
Vector: Literally a bearer, specially a host of a disease transmissible to
another species of organism.
Fumigants: produce gas or vapor intended to destroy pests in the
house or in the ground.
Incineration: The destuction of solid, liquid or gaseous wastes by
controlled burning at high temperature.

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• Pheromone: A chemical used in communication between
individuals of the same species, releasing a specific behavior or
development in the receiver. Pheromones play roles in aggregation,
alarm, courtship, queen recognition, sex, sex attraction, spacing
(epidiectic or dispersion) and trail making.
• Lethal Dose 50( LD 50): The dose of a toxicant that will kill 50% of
test organism within a designated period of time. The lower the
LD50, the more toxic the compound.
• Integrated Pest Control: The rational application of a combination of
biological, biotechnological, chemical, cultural or plant breeding
measures whereby the use of chemical plant protection product is
limited to the strict minimum necessary to maintain the pest
population at level below those causing economical unacceptable
damage or loss.
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Fungicides: A pesticide used to control or destroy fungi, on food or
grain crops.
Herbicide: A pesticide designed to control or kill plants, weeds or
grasses.
Insecticide: A pesticide compound specifically used to kill or prevent
the growth of insects.
Rodenticides:
Nematicides
Acaricide:

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• Economic Injury Level (EIL): The EIL indicates where
management of pest is economically justified. It is
defined as the pest level at which the cost of control is
equal to the benefits derived by controlling the pests.
• Economic Threshold level ( ETL):
ETL of pest infestation as that population density at which
control measures should be initiated to prevent a rising
pest population from reaching the critical minimum
density that will cause economic damage to the crop.
The ETL always represents a pest density lower than that
of economic injury level.

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 IPM: is the selection, integration and implementation of pest control based
on predicted economic, ecological and sociological consequences. IPM
seeks maximum use of naturally occurring pest controls including weather,
disease agents, predators and parasites. In addition , IPM utilizes various
biological, physical, chemical control and habitat manipulation technique.
 The ultimate objective of IPM is to control pest in an economically effective
and environmentally sound manner.

 PRINCIPLES OF IPM:
 Potential harmful species will continue to exists at a tolerable levels of
abundance.
 The ecosystem is the management unit
 Use of natural controls is maximized
 Any control procedures may produce unexpected and undesirable
consequences.
 An interdisciplinary system approach is essential.

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 GUIDELINES FOR IPM
• 1. Analyses the pest status of each of the reputed injurious organisms and
establish economic threshold for the real pest.
• 2) Devise schemes for lowering the equilibrum position of the key pests
• 3) During emergency situations, seek remedial measures that cause
minimum ecological disruption.
• 4) Devise monitoring technique.

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 COMPONENTS OF IPM
a) Biological control
b) Host Resistance
c) Cultural control/ Agronomical
d) Physical and Mechanical control
e) Autocidal control
f) Chemical control
g) Biotechnological

BIOLOGICAL CONTROL
The use or encouragement of biological agents for the reduction of pest organism
populations. Biological control is a phase of natural control.
Properties of Biological Control:
- Describe natural phenomena
- Denote a field of study
- Actions of natural enemies manipulated by men.

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 COMPONENTS OF BIOLOGICAL CONTROL

• 1) Parasites
• 2) Parasitoids
• 3) Predators
• 4) Pathogens
• a) Bacteria- Bacillus thuringiensis
• b) Viruses-Nuclear polyhidrosis virus (NPV) of
• Heliothis zea, Autographa california etc.
• c) Nematodes e.g. Steinernema feltia
• d) Protozoa e.g. Nosema locustae
• e)Fungi- Beuvaria basiana, Metarrhizium anisopliae

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 TYPES OF BIOLOGICAL CONTROL

• a) Classical Biological control:

• It involves deliberate introduction and establishment of natural enemies in areas
where they do not occur previously. Used largely against the pests of foreign origin.
• b) Conservation and augmentation:
• Conservation and augmentation involves deliberate actions to protect and maintain
natural enemy population or increase their beneficial effects.
e.g. (i) Provide supplementary food
(ii) Protect from chemical pesticides
c) Inundative Release:
Colonization of large number of natural enemy to destroy the pest population
immediately.
d) Inoculative Release:
Repeated colonization of relatively small numbers of a natural enemy to buildup the
beneficial organism over several generations.

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B) HOST RESISTANCE
The use of crop variety resistant to the attack or
damage by insect pests.
• The Components of host resistance are:
• 1) Antibiosis( Physiological resistance):
• Plant Produces toxins or any other secondary metabolites which
inhibit the pest.
• 2) Antxenosis ( Morphological Resistance):
• Physical characters of plants that deter the insect pests
• 3) Tolerance:
• Ability of the plant to sustain high level of pests without severe
economic damage

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 CULTURAL CONTROL

• Deliberate manipulation of the environment to make it less favorable for

pests by disrupting their reproductive cycles, eliminating their food or make
it more favorable for their natural enemies.

• According to Adams (1990) “ Cultural control is the deliberate alternation of

the production system, either the cropping system itself or specific crop
production practices, to reduce pest populations or avoid pest injury to
crops.
• Functional mechanism of cultural control:
• (i) Impediments to pest colonization of the crop
• (ii) The creation of adverse biotic conditions that reduce survival of
individuals or populations of the pest
• (iii) Modification of the crop in such a way that pest infestation results in
reduced injury to the crop.
• (iv) Enhancement of natural enemies by manipulating the environment

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Techniques of Cultural Control

• 1. Strategic scheduling of planting or harvesting

• 2. Tillage or soil management
• 3. Water management
• 4. Fertilizer management
• 5. Sanitation
• 6. Crop Rotation
• 7. Plant Spacing
• 8. Destruction of wild and alternate host plants/volunteer plants
• 9. Trap cropping
• 10. Intercropping

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PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL CONTROL
• These are direct or indirect measure to destroy pests outright or to make the
environment unsuitable for their entry, dispersal, survival or reproduction. Physical
and mechanical control differ from cultural control is that the equipment or action is
directed specially against the insect pest rather modifying its environment.
• Mechanical or physical control involves the use of physical force with or without the
aid of special equipment . Mechanical control gives immediate and tangible results,
even though they are time consuming.
• e.g.
• 1. Heat
• 2. Radiation
• 3. Burning/ flaming
• 4. Light trapping
• 5. Physical Barrier
• 6. Hand picking
• 7. Visual repellents
• 8. Noise
• 9. Erecting mechanical barrier e.g. Erecting of barrier net in the small cropping plot
of egg plant to protect from urinal shoot and fruit borer insects

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E. Autocidal Control:

• It involves rearing and release of insects that are sterile or altered genetically in
order to suppress member of their own species that are causing pest problems.
e.g.
• 1) Sterile Male Technique:
• Deliberate introduction of dominant , lethal gene in the population. Sterile male will
mate with the wild female and induce inactive sperm and inhibit the wild female to
produce fertile eggs.
• 2) Genetic Control
• - Generally altered insect whose sperm is active, carrying genes that make the wild
populations less vigorous, less prolific or genetically sterile as a consequence of
hybridization

• F. CHEMICAL BEHAVIORAL NSECT CONTROL

• Use of chemicals to attract insect to sites where they are destroyed, to destort
sexual activity, divert males or females in their search for mates, or to disrupt the
insect’s orientation.. E.g. pheromone, repellents, attractants.

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G. CHEMICAL CONTROL

• Chemical pesticides are the most effective component of IPM

system. But this should be used as a last resort for remedial
measure in emergency situations without serious disruption of
ecological balances. The chemical pesticides could be utilized in
IPM in various ways. e.g.
• -Using narrow spectrum insecticides instead of broad spectrum
insecticides.
• Using dose that will kill the target pests and conserve non-target
organisms
• Selecting time of application that will help to escape beneficial
organism from direct contact of pesticides.
• Selecting application technique of pesticide that help to conserve
natural enemies.
• Using minimum applications of insecticides.

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STRATEGIES OF IPM

• A) Cultural and physical control tactics

– Cultivation or tillage
– Sanitation- Removal of crop residues
– Adjusting planting and harvesting dates
– Cultivation of resistant variety
– Crop rotation
– Light trapping

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 B. Chemical control Methods

• use of Pesticides ( contact /systemic)

• -Use of Behavior disrupting pheromones

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BIOLOGICAL CONTROL TACTICS

• 1. Mass release of natural enemies

• 2. Conservation or augmentation of natural enemies
• 3. Release of sterile mating partner
• 4.Release of pathogens, e.g. bacteria, virus, nematodes,
fungi
• 5. Encouraging insectivorous birds. e.g., Perching
• 6. Use of insectivorous fish species e.g. gyppy fish to
control mosquito
• 7. Genetic engineering

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D. Monitoring

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PHEROMONES
• Insect pheromones are substances secreted and
released to the outside which then elicit specific
response in the behavior of individuals of the same
species.
• These substances may be useful in manipulating the
behavior of insect pests and ultimately their
management.
• The males are able to locate the pheromones plumes
and undergo elaborate behavioral changes to reach the
calling females for mating.
• Pheromones from a large number of insect species have
been isolated, chemically identified and synthesized

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CLASSIFICATION OF PHEROMONES
• 1. Sex attractants: Typically one sex, often the females
release the sex pheromones which stimulates the
recipient male to approach the releasing female from
some distance.
• Sex pheromones are secreted by Lepidopteran insects.
• 2. Aggregation Pheromones: In certain insects
substances are produced by either males or females or
both sexes which induce both males and females to
aggregate for feeding or protection or different
combinations of the three.
• E.g. Certain bark beetles which attack and often kill
living, healthy trees require large aggregations for
overcoming the resistance by the host tree. Initially the
insects are guided to the host by its odours.
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• 3. Alarm Pheromones: These pheromones are produced in
Dictyoptera, Hemiptera and social Hymenoptera and stimulate
defensive behaviour and often escape when threatened. In ants, the
common response involves attraction of other workers or solders
and adoption of aggressive posture with head raised and jaws wide
apart.
• 4. Trial Pheromones: In many social insects , the food resources are
utilized efficiently with the help of trail pheromones. They may also
be used in finding mates, and maintaining social integrity during
migration of colonies. The biological activity of trail is 10-19 days.
• 5. Epideictic Pheromones: Overcrowding is generally prevented by
means of pheromones which have been called epideictic
pheromones.

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UTILIZATION OF PHEROMONES
• All the economically important insect pest species appear to use
pheromones for communication and hence amenable to manipulation of
behavior.
• Initially pheromones were used to monitor insect densities in certain
location.
• STRATIGIES:
• Two strategies , almost opposite to each other, have evolved for utilizing
pheromones in insect pest management
• (i) Use of traps baited with synthetic female sex attractant where by the
male insect which approaches the source of the pheromone lands itself
inside of finding a trap and may be killed instead of finding a pheromone
releasing female for mating.
• (ii) The other strategy aims at disrupting the normal pheromonal
communication of the insects. For this, the environment may be inundated
with such female sex attractant that the males of the species might become
incapable of responding to or locating the natural source of the
pheromones.

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