A REPORT REQUIREMENT IN

INDUSTRIAL POWERPLANT ENGINEERING

MEIP412-412D / A3
 Romans used tubes
inside the walls to draw
smoke out of bakeries
 Central Europe
fireplaces with cylindrical
masonry chimneys were
used as early as the 11th
century
 Real chimneys appeared
only in Northern Europe
in the 12th century
 The first industrial
chimneys were built in
the mid-17th century

 Industrial chimneys
became common in
the late 18th century
 To produce the draft
necessary to cause the
air to flow into the
furnace and discharge
the products of
combustion to the
atmosphere
 To deliver the products
of combustion and fly
ash to a high altitude
 The chimney is part of a
steam-generating boiler
 Its evolution is closely linked
to increases in the power of
the steam engine
 The chimneys of Thomas
Newcomen’s steam engine
were incorporated into the
walls of the engine house
 Free-standing industrial
chimneys that appeared in
the early 19th century were
related to the changes in
boiler design associated with
James Watt’s "double-
powered" engines
 The invention of fan-assisted
forced draft (draught) in the
early 20th century removed
the industrial chimney's
original function
 Building materials changed
from stone and brick to steel
and later reinforced concrete
 The height of the industrial
chimney was determined by
the need to disperse
combustion flue gases to
comply with governmental
air pollution control
regulations
 The height and diameter
of the stack.

 The desired amount of

excess combustion air
needed to assure complete
combustion.

 The temperature of the

flue gases leaving the
combustion zone.
 The frictional resistance to the
flow of the flue gases through
the chimney or stack, which
will vary with the materials
used to construct the chimney
or stack.
 The heat loss from the flue
gases as they flow through the
chimney or stack.
 The local atmospheric
pressure of the ambient air,
which is determined by the
local elevation above sea level.
 HEIGHT
Draft Pressure

Density of air

Density of flue gases

where H = height of the chimney

P = barometric pressure
Ra=gas constant of air
Rg=gas constant of flue gas
Ta=absolute temperature of air
Tg=(T1+T2)/2
 DIAMETER

Where: Qg = volume flow of flue gases

Qg =
mg = mass of flue gas
Vel = actual velocity of flue gas in m/s
 For the actual velocity:

where:
cv = velocity coefficient, 0.40 usual assumption
Vt = theoretical velocity of flue gas in m/s

 Value of R for any gas:

 By mass balance in the furnace:

where:
ma = mass of air
mf = mass of fuel
mash = mass of ash (usually expressed as percentage of mf)
mg = mass of gas
A coal fired steam boiler uses 3,000 kg coal
per hour. Air required for combustion is 15.5
kg per kg of coal at barometric pressure of
98.2 kPa. The flue gas has a temperature of
285⁰C and an average molecular weight of 30.
Assuming an ash loss of 11% and allowable
gas velocity of 7.5 m/s, find the diameter of
the chimney.(April 1981)
 Given: Mass of fuel = 3000 kg coal/hour
Air required = 15.5 kg air/kg coal
Barometric Pressure = 98.2 kPa
Flue gas temperature = 285 ⁰C
Average molecular weight = 30
Assuming ash loss = 11%
Allowable Gas Velocity = 7.5 m/s

 Required: Diameter of the chimney

 Solution:
solving for Q:
the gas constant R:

amount of air required:

 By mass balance:
from:
let D = diameter of chimney

thus;
2.52 kg of coal per second are consumed by a
steam boiler plant and produced 18.54 kg of
dry flue gas per kg of coal fired. The air
temperature outside is 32⁰C, the average
temperature of the flue gases entering the
chimney is 343⁰C and the average temperature
of the flue gases in the chimney is 260⁰C. The
gage fluid specific volume is 1.005x10-3 m3 /kg
and a theoretical draft of 2.286 cm of water at
the chimney base is needed when the
barometric pressure 101.3 kPa. Find the
diameter of chimney in meters.(April 1987)
 Given: 2.52 kgcoal/sec
18.54 kg dry flue gas / kg of coal fired
Outside air temperature = 32 ⁰C
Ave. temp of flue gases = 260 ⁰C
Gage fluid spec. vol. = 1.005x10-3 m3/kg
Theoretical draft = 2.286 cm H2O
Barometric Pressure = 101.325 kPa

 Required: diameter of the chimney in meters

 Solution:

Flow gases have higher molecular weight than air; assume

solving for draft and velocity:
 for the velocity of the flue gases considering a velocity coefficient of
0.40

For the velocity of the flue gases considering a velocity

coefficient of 0.40:
Solving for the diameter:
A power plant is situated at an altitude
having an ambient air at 96.53 kPa and
23.88⁰C. Flue gases at rate of 5 kg/s enter the
stack at 200⁰C and leaves at 160⁰C. The flow
gases gravimetric analysis are 18% CO2, 7%
O2 , and 75% N2 . Calculate the diameter of
the stack in meters for a driving pressure of
0.20 kPa. (Note: the actual velocity is 40% of
the theoretical velocity)(April 1990)
 Given: Air Pressure = 96.53 kPa
Air Temperature = 23.88 ⁰C
Flue Gases flow rate = 5 kg/s
Entering Stack Temperature = 200 ⁰C
Leaving Stack Temperature = 160 ⁰C
Driving Pressure = 0.20 kPa
Flow Gases Gravimetric Analysis

(Note: Actual Velocity is 40% of the theoretical velocity)

 Required: diameter of the stack in meters

 Solution:
The molecular weight and gas constant of the
flue gas:
 Average temperature of flue gas ; Tg
solving for the volume flow rate, Q

thus;
A steam generator with economizer and air
heater has an overall draft loss of 21.78 cm
water. If the stack gases are at 177⁰C and if
the atmosphere is at 101.3 kPa and 26⁰C,
what theoretical height of stack in meters is
needed when no draft fans are used? Assume
that the gas constant for the flue gases is the
same as that for air.(April 1995)
 Given: Overall draft loss = 21.78 cmH2O
Stack gases temperature = 177⁰C
Pressure = 101.325 kPa
Temperature = 26⁰C

 Required: theoretical height of stack in meters

(Note: assume that the gas constant for the flue

gases is the same as that for air)
 Solution:

solving for the total draft, hw

solving for the densities of air and gas

solving for the densities of air and gas
then;
If the actual draft required for a furnace is
6.239 cm of water and the frictional losses in
the stack are 15% of theoretical draft,
calculate the required stack height in meters.
Assume that the flue gas have an average
temperature of 149 ⁰C and molecular weight
of 30. Assume air temperature of 21⁰C.
(October 1995)
 Given: draft = 6.329 cmH2O
friction losses = 15%
average temperature = 149 ⁰C
molecular weight = 30
air temperature = 21 ⁰C

 Required: height of the chimney in meters

 Solution:
Solving for total draft, hw :

Solving for the densities of air and gas:

Substitute the values to solve for the height:
A steam boiler plant consumes 9,000 kg of coal
per hour and produce 20 kg of dry flue gases per
kg of coal fired. Outside air temperature is 32⁰C,
average temperature of flue gas entering the
chimney is 343⁰C, and average temperature of
the dry flue gas in the chimney is 260⁰C. The
gage fluid density is 994.78 m3 /kg and a
theoretical draft of 2.286 cm of H2O at the
chimney base is needed when the barometric
pressure is 760 mm Hg. determine the height of
the chimney in meters.(April 1998)
 Given: 9000 kg coal/hour
20 kg flue gases/kg coal fired
Outside air temperature = 32 ⁰C
Average temperature of flue gas entering
the chimney = 343 ⁰C
Average temperature of dry flue gas in the
chimney = 260 ⁰C
Gage fluid density = 994.78 m3 /kg
Theoretical draft = 2.286 cmH2o
Barometric pressure = 760 mmHg

 Required: height of the chimney in meters

 Solution:

solving for the draft head, hw

 Solving for the densities of air and gas:
then;
The over-all draft loss of steam generating
unit is 400 mm water. Air enters at 101.325
kPa, 26⁰C and the average flue gas
temperature is found to be 250⁰C. if no draft
fans are to be installed, what is the height of
the chimney? Assume Rg = 0.277 kJ/kg-K.
 Given: over-all draft loss of steam = 400 mmH2O
Air pressure entering = 101.325 kPa
Air temperature entering = 26⁰C
Average flue gas temperature = 250⁰C
Rg=0.277 KJ/kg-K

Required: height of the chimney

 Solution:

solving for the total draft, hw

solving for densities of air and gas

then;
A 15 kg gas enters a chimney at 19 m/s. if the
temperature and pressure of a gas are 26⁰C
and 100 kPa respectively, what is the
diameter of chimney?

Use R = 0.287 kJ/kg-K.

 Given: m = 15 kg gas
Vel = 19 m/s
Temperature = 26⁰C
Pressure = 100 kPa
R = 0.287 KJ/Kg-K

Required : diameter of chimney

 Solution:

solving for Q,

then by substituting the values;

thus;
 A steam power plant, 5 kg of coal is consumed
per second and it was later found that 25kg of
dry flue gas is produced per kg of coal fired. Air
enters at 25⁰C. The average temperature of the
flue gas entering the chimney is 350⁰C and the
average temperature of the flue gas inside the
chimney is 250⁰C. A theoretical draft of 5 cm of
water at the base of the chimney is needed. The
gage fluid specific volume is 0.0025 m3/kg. If the
molecular weight of the gas is 30, calculate the
height of the chimney.
 Given: 5 kg coal/s
25 kg flue gas/kg coal
25⁰C air temperature
250⁰C average temperature of flue gas
5 cmH2O theoretical draft
0.0025 m3/kg gage fluid specific volume
30 molecular weight

 Required: height of the chimney

 Solution:

solving for da and dg:

then substituting the values;
What is the height of the chimney if the
driving pressure is 30Pa and the gas and air
densities are 1 kg/m3 and 1.5 kg/m3
respectively?
 Given: driving pressure = 30 Pa
Gas density = 1 kg/m3
Air density = 1.5 kg/m3

 Required: height of chimney

 Solution:

substituting the values;

END OF REPORT
GROUP 1
Leader: Bagadiong, Carol M.
Members: Andres, Michael . ; Arrastia, Paolo ; Banquicio, Bienvenido ;
Binallia, Paolo R. ; Bonifacio, Harold F. ; Consulta, Billy