BIOMOLECULES

• PROTEINS
•
• LIPIDS
•
• CARBOHYDRATES
 What are they made up from?
• Carbon
•
• Hydrogen
•
• Oxygen
•
• Nitrogen (proteins only)
 CARBOHYDRATES
• Carbon + hydrogen + oxygen
•
•
 There are different types of
carbohydrates
1. Sugars


– Different sugars in
different types of
food
•
Fruit sugar:
fructose

Milk sugar:
lactose
Table sugar: sucrose / saccharose

Malt sugar : Maltose

2. Storage:
 eg. starch
 (found in starch grains – where?)
3. Structure
Eg. Cellulose in cell

wall
 So the functions of carbohydrates
are…
1.Energy source
 eg. Glucose


2.Energy storage
 eg.Starch


3. Structure
 eg. Cellulose
 Carbohydrate nomenclature

• Single sugar: Monosaccharide

•
•
• Double sugar: Disaccharide
•
•
• Complex sugar (multi-sugar): Polysaccharide

What does this mean?

 Monosaccharides
• Simplest carbohydrates – one sugar
•
• If broken down, it is no longer a
carbohydrate
•
• Specific arrangement of carbon, hydrogen
and oxygen atoms
(CH2O)n
• Most common - glucose
 DISACCHARIDE
• Double sugar
•
• 2 monosaccharides joined together
•
• Eg. glucose + glucose = maltose
•
 HOW?
 glucose
glucose

H2O

maltose
 • Different combinations of
monosaccharides put together produce
different disaccharides and
polysaccharides
 glucose galactos
e

H2O

lactose
 glucose fructose

H2O

sucrose
• The same type of monosaccharide can bond
in different ways to produce different
polysaccharides:
•
•
Eg. GLUCOSE + GLUCOSE + GLUCOSE…
Several glucose molecules together can produce:

• Starch (glucose store • Glycogen (glucose

in plants) store in animals)
 How are complex carbohydrates
broken and built?
• The key element is WATER
 CONDENSATION
(putting carbohydrates together)
• Involves TAKING WATER AWAY
glu fruc
cos tos
e e

H
2
O sucrose A bond is made

Water is
REMOVED
 HYDROLYSIS
(breaking carbohydrates apart)
• Involves PUTTING WATER IN

sucrose

H
2 A bond is broken
O
Water is ADDED

fruc glu
tos cos
e e
 What is it, condensation or
hydrolysis?
1.Making starch from glucose?
2.
3.Obtaining galactose from lactose?
4.
5.Extracting glucose from sucrose?
6.
7.Producing corn syrup from fructose?
8.
 LIPIDS
• Carbon + Hydrogen + Oxygen
(more carbon and hydrogen than oxygen)
 Two forms of Lipids
• FATS • OILS
– Solid at room – Liquid at room
temperature temperature
– Usually of animal – Usually of plant
origin origin
•eg. Margarine •eg. Olive oil
 Functions of lipids
1.Insulation
 Fats help to keep the body warm
2. Nerve covering
 Acts like plastic wrapping around a wire
to prevent electricity from escaping
 3. Energy storage
 To mantain a supply of energy when
immediate energy is not available or to store
excess energy eaten.
4. Structure
 Important in phospholipid bilayer of
cell membrane
 5. Hormones
 Some of them
are made from lipids
 6. Vitamins
 These are
nutrients required for
the functioning of
organisms
 So the functions of lipids are…
1. Insulation…to stay warm
•
•
2. Storage of energy

3. Nerve covering



4. Structure


•
•
•
5. Hormones


•
•
•
6. Vitamins

 What is the structure of lipids?
• All lipids typically consist of:
– 1 glycerol
– 3 fatty acids
 So how are there different lipids?
• Fatty acids are chains of carbon and
hydrogen
•
• These chains can “vary” and therefore
give different “identities” to the lipid
 How are lipids broken / built?
• The key element is WATER
 CONDENSATION
(putting lipids together)
wat
er

Fatty acid

Fatty acid
L ORE CYL G

Fatty acid

Bonds are Water is

MADE REMOVED
 Hydrolysis
(breaking lipids apart)
wat
er Fatty acid

wat
er Fatty acid
L ORE CYL G

wat
er Fatty acid

Bonds are Water is

BROKEN ADDED
 PROTEINS
• Carbon + hydrogen + oxygen + nitrogen
 Functions of proteins

1.Structure
2.
 - All living things
are made up of
proteins



 - Cell membrane has proteins

 2. Growth


- To increase in
size or
become
mature
-
-
-
-
-
- To repair
structures
3. Component of DNA



 4. To make enzymes
 Biological
catalysts that speed
up reactions – without
them life would be too
slow!
 3. Component of DNA


 4. Enzymes
 What is the structure of proteins?
All proteins are made up of amino acids


There are 20 types of aminoacids…




• These aminoacids combine to make up
different proteins…HOW?
 Making a protein…
1. Amino acid + Amino acid + Amino acid … = peptide

ami ami
no no
aci aci
d + ami
+ d = PEPTIDE
no
aci
d

Different combinations of different amino acids in different

orders will make different peptides…
 ami ami
no no
aci aci
d ami d
+ = PEPTIDE
+ no
aci
d

Is different to


ami ami
no no
aci aci
d + ami + d = PEPTIDE
no
aci
d
2. peptide + peptide + peptide…= polypeptide


PEPTIDE

POLYPEPTIDE
+ =

PEPTIDE
 3. polypeptide + polypeptide … = Protein!

POLYPEPTIDE

+ = PROTEIN

POLYPEPTIDE
How are proteins broken / built?
• The key element is WATER
 Can you guess ?
Task:


Use diagrams to explain how condensation

and hydrolysis take place for the making

and breaking of proteins.