Professional Documents
Culture Documents
uk AS 1009 3-Jun-2015
Shells, sub-shells & orbitals
http://winter.group.shef.ac.uk/orbitron/AOs/1s/index.html
4f
4d
4p
3d
4s
3p
4s of "lower"
3s energy than 3d
2p
2s
1s
s 1 2
p 3 6
d 5 10
However, it can be easier to read across the periodic table, but remember
that the first transition metal row is 3d:
1s 1s
2s 2p
3s 3p
4s 3d 4p
_
e
1) distance from nucleus
1000
1st ionisation energy
800
600
400
200
0
Be Mg Ca Sr Ba
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
General trend
• Increased nuclear charge (i.e. more protons)
• Atoms get smaller
• Therefore stronger attraction from nucleus to
electron in outer shell
Group 2 → 3
Energy
Group 3 element is 4f
from p orbital, while 4d
4p
that lost from Group 3d
4s
3p
2 element is from s 3s
orbital. 2p
4s of "lower"
2s energy than 3d
• p orbital is higher
energy than s orbital,
so easier to lose 1s
electron.
Distance from nucleus
Group 5 → 6
• Group 6 element loses electron
from orbital with 2 electrons (p4)