CHEM1020

Examples
Chapters 8, 9, 10
Example 1:
If 48 moles of ethylene glycol, C2H4(OH)2, is dissolved
in 5.0kg of water. What is the boiling point of the
solution?
• ∆Tb = m  Kb
• Kb = 0.52oC/m (a constant for water)
• Molality = m = moles solute/kg solvent

∆Tbp = (48 moles) (0.52oC/molal)

(5.0 Kg)

∆Tb = 5.0 oC New BP = 100 + 5 = 105 oC

 Q. The boiling point of a solution containing 40.0 g of an unknown
substance dissolved in 100.0 g of water is 105.3 oC . Calculate the
molar mass of the compound.

Since the solvent is water, the change in temperature (DT) would be 105.3 - 100.0
oC = 5.3 oC. You can also find the k in the table in your textbook, k = 0.512 oC
b b
kg/mol.

From this data, you can calculate the molality:

m = DTb / kb = 5.3 oC / 0.512 oC kg/mol = 10.4 mol/kg

Molality is also defined as the moles of solute per kg of solvent:

m = n /(kg solvent), can be rearranged to be n = m (kg of solvent)
n = 10.4 mol /kg (0.1000 kg) = 1.04 mol of solute

The molar mass can be calculated by using the equation, MW = m/n

MW = 40.0 g / 1.04 mol = 38.5 g/mol
SAMPLE PROBLEM 13.7 Determining the Boiling Point Elevation and Freezing
Point Depression of a Solution

PROBLEM: You add 1.00 kg of ethylene glycol (C2H6O2) antifreeze to your car
radiator, which contains 4450 g of water. What are the boiling and
freezing points of the solution?
PLAN: Find the # mols of ethylene glycol; m of the solution; multiply by the
boiling or freezing point constant; add or subtract, respectively, the
changes from the boiling point and freezing point of water.

SOLUTION:
mol C2H6O2
1.00x103 g C2H6O2 = 16.1 mol C2H6O2
62.07 g C2H6O2
16.1 mol C2H6O2
= 3.62 m C2H6O2
4.450 kg H2O

DTbp = 0.512 0C/m x 3.62m = 1.850C DTfp = 1.86 0C/m x 3.62m =6.73

BP = 101.85 0C FP = -6.73 0C
What is the freezing point of a solution containing 478 g of ethylene glycol (antifreeze) in
3202 g of water? The molar mass of ethylene glycol is 62.01 g.

DTf = Kf m Kf water = 1.86 oC/m

1 mol
478 g x
moles of solute 62.01 g
m = = = 2.41 m
mass of solvent (kg) 3.202 kg solvent

DTf = Kf m = 1.86 oC/m x 2.41 m = 4.48 oC

DTf = T f 0– Tf
Tf = T f 0– DTf = 0.00 oC – 4.48 oC = -4.48 oC
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 Writing ionic equations
Example 1
• Step 1
• Write word equation and chemical formula.
• Silver nitrate + sodium chloride  silver chloride + sodium
nitrate

AgNO3 (aq) + NaCl (aq)  AgCl (s) + Na NO3 (aq)

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 Writing ionic equations
Example 1
• Step 2
• Write formula of ions formed

AgNO3 (aq) + NaCl (aq)  AgCl (s) + Na

NO3 (aq)

Ag+ (aq) + NO3- (aq) + Na+ (aq) + Cl- (aq) 

AgCl (s) + Na+ (aq) + NO3- (aq)
Not able to dissolve in water to form ions
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 Writing ionic equations
Example 1
• Step 3
• Omit spectator ions (NO3- and Na+ appear both
sides. Do not take part in the reaction. Can
be cancelled)

Ag+ (aq) + NO3- (aq) + Na+ (aq) + Cl- (aq) 

AgCl (s) + Na+ (aq) + NO3- (aq)

Ag+ (aq) + Cl- (aq)  AgCl (s)

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 Writing ionic equations
Example 2
• Step 1
• Write word equation and chemical formula.
• Sodium hydroxide + hydrochloric acid  sodium chloride +
water

NaOH (aq)+ HCl (aq)  NaCl (aq) + H2O (l)

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 Writing ionic equations
Example 2
• Step 2
• Write formula of ions formed

NaOH (aq)+ HCl (aq)  NaCl (aq)

+ H2O (l)

Na+ (aq) + OH- (aq) + H+ (aq) + Cl- (aq) 

Na+ (aq) + Cl- (aq) + H2O (l)
Covalent compound. Does not form ions
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 Writing ionic equations
Example 2
• Step 3
• Omit spectator ions (Na+ and Cl- appear both
sides. Do not take part in the reaction. Can
be cancelled)

Na+ (aq) + OH- (aq) + H+ (aq) + Cl- (aq) 

Na+ (aq) + Cl- (aq) + H2O (l)

H+ (aq) + OH- (aq)  H2O (l)

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 Writing ionic equations
Example 3
• Step 1
• Write word equation and chemical formula.
• Sodium carbonate + dilute hydrochloric acid  sodium
chloride + water + carbon dioxide

Na2CO3 (aq)+ 2HCl (aq)  2NaCl

(aq) + H2O (l) + CO2 (g)

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 Writing ionic equations
Example 3
• Step 2
• Write formula of ions formed

Na2CO3 (aq)+ 2HCl (aq)  2NaCl

(aq) + H2O (l) + CO2 (g)
2Na+ (aq) + CO3- (aq) + 2H+ (aq) + 2Cl- (aq)
 2Na+ (aq) + 2Cl- (aq) + H2O (l) + CO2 (g)

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 Writing ionic equations
Example 3
• Step 3
• Omit spectator ions (Na+ and Cl- appear both
sides. Do not take part in the reaction. Can
be cancelled)

2Na+ (aq) + CO3- (aq) + 2H+ (aq) + 2Cl- (aq)

 2Na+ (aq) + 2Cl- (aq) + H2O (l) + CO2 (g)

2H+ (aq) + CO3- (aq)  CO2 (g) + H2O (l)

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 Write balanced chemical equations and then the ionic
equations (with state symbols) for the following
questions.

1 Magnesium + sulfuric acid 

magnesium sulfate + hydrogen

2 Sodium hydroxide + nitric acid  Sodium

nitrate + water

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 Write balanced chemical equations and then the ionic
equations (with state symbols) for the following
questions.
3 Magnesium oxide + hydrochloric acid 
Magnesium chloride + water

4 Silver nitrate solution + potassium iodide

solution  silver iodide (AgI is insoluble)
+ potassium nitrate

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Answers in red box
(take a peek only after you’ve done
the questions in your notes. Your
integrity counts!)

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 1. Magnesium + sulfuric acid 
magnesium sulfate + hydrogen

Mg (s) + H2SO4 (aq)  MgSO4 (aq) + H2 (g)

Mg (s) + 2H+ (aq) + SO42- (aq)  Mg2+ (aq)

+ SO42- (aq) + H2 (g)

Mg (s) + 2H+ (aq)  Mg2+ (aq) + H2 (g)

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 2. Sodium hydroxide + nitric acid 
Sodium nitrate + water

NaOH (aq) + HNO3 (aq)  NaNO3 (aq) + H2O (l)

Na+ (aq) + OH- (aq) + H+ (aq) + NO3- (aq) 

Na+ (aq) + NO3- (aq) + H2O (l)

OH- (aq) + H+ (aq)  H2O (l)

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3. Magnesium oxide + hydrochloric acid 
Magnesium chloride + water

MgO (s) + 2HCl (aq)  MgCl2 (aq) + H2O (l)

MgO (s) + 2H+ (aq) + 2Cl- (aq)  Mg2+ (aq) +

2Cl- (aq) + H2O (l)

MgO (s) + 2H+ (aq)  Mg2+ (aq) + H2O (l)

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4. Silver nitrate + potassium iodide  silver
iodide + potassium nitrate

AgNO3 (aq) + KI (aq)  AgI (s) + KNO3 (aq)

Ag+ (aq) + NO3- (aq) + K+ (aq) + I- (aq) 

AgI (s) + K+ (aq) + NO3- (aq)

Ag+ (aq) + I- (aq)  AgI (s)

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 Example

Initial Concentration of I2: 0.50 mol/2.5L = 0.20 M More than 3

I2 2I orders of mag.
[ I ]2
Initial 0.20 0 Keq   2.94 x10 10 between these
[I2 ] numbers. The
change -x +2x 2 simplification will
[ 2 x ]
equil: 0.20-x 2x   2.94 x10 10 work here.
[0.20  x]
With an equilibrium constant that small, whatever x is, it’s near
dink, and 0.20 minus dink is 0.20 (like a million dollars minus a
nickel is still a million dollars).
0.20 – x is the same as 0.20

[2 x]2 10
 2.94 x10 x = 3.83 x 10-6 M
0.20
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 Example

Initial Concentration of I2: 0.50 mol/2.5L = 0.20 M

I2 2I
[ I ]2
Initial 0.20 0 Keq   0.209 These are too close to
[I 2 ] each other ...
change -x +2x 2 0.20-x will not be
0.20-x 2x [2 x]
equil:   0.209 trivially close to 0.20
[0.20  x] here.

Looks like this one has to proceed through the quadratic ...

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Solubility Product Principle
• Example: Find the concentration of ions present in
calcium fluoride (in water) and the molar solubility.
CaF2(s) --> Ca+2 + 2 F-
Ksp = [Ca+2] [F-]2 = 2 X 10 -10

If x = [Ca+2 ], then [F-] = 2x

[x] [2x]2 = 2 X 10 -10
4x3 = 2 X 10 -10
x3 = 5 X 10 -11
x = 3.68 X 10 -4

[Ca+2 ] = x = 3.68 X 10 -4 [F-] = 2x = 7.37 X 10 -4

Solubility of CaF2 = 3.68 X 10 -4

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 CALCULATIONS INVOLVING Kc
•

Example 1
One mole of ethanoic acid reacts with one mole of ethanol at 298K. When equilibrium is
reached it is found that two thirds of the acid has reacted. Calculate the value of Kc.

CH3COOH(l) + C2H5OH(l) CH3COOC2H5(l) + H2O(l)

moles (initially) 1 1 0 0
moles (at equilibrium) 1 - 2/3 1 - 2/3 2/3 2/3
equilibrium concs. 1/3 / V 1/3 / V 2/3 / V 2/3 / V

V = volume (dm3) of the equilibrium mixture

Kc = [CH3COOC2H5] [H2O] = 2/3 / V . 2/3 / V = 4

[CH3COOH] [C2H5OH] 1/3 / V . 1/3 / V
 CALCULATIONS INVOLVING Kc
Example 2
Consider the equilibrium P + 2Q R + S (all species are aqueous)
One mole of P and one mole of Q are mixed. Once equilibrium has been achieved 0.6
moles of P are present. How many moles of Q, R and S are present at equilibrium ?

P + 2Q R + S
Initial moles 1 1 0 0
At equilibrium 0·6 0·2 0·4 0·4
(0·4 reacted) (2 x 0·4 reacted) (get 1 R and 1 S for every P that reacts)
1- 0·6 remain 1- 0·8 remain

Explanation • if 0.6 mol of P remain of the original 1 mol, 0.4 mol have reacted
• the equation states that 2 moles of Q react with every 1 mol of P
• this means that 0.8 (2 x 0.4) mol of Q have reacted, leaving 0.2 mol
• one mol of R and S are produced from every mol of P that reacts
• this means 0.4 mol of R and 0.4 mol of S are present at equilibrium