Group Members

DEANDRA MYERS
DEANDREW DOUGLAS
RYAN NELSON
 Substance abuse can simply be defined as a
pattern of harmful use of any substance for
mood-altering purposes.
 Substances can include alcohol and other
drugs (illegal or not) as well as some
substances that are not drugs at all.
 Dependency occurs because of changes in the
brain and other body part. The body can no
longer manage without the drugs. Dependency
can be classified as psychological or physical.
 Physical dependence is a physical condition
caused by chronic use of a tolerance forming
drug, in which abrupt or gradual drug
withdrawal causes unpleasant physical
symptoms. For example withdrawal of heroine
them to feel anxious and not being able to sleep
 While Psychological Dependency is also due
to what’s happening in the brain as a result of
taking drugs but the person does not
experience any unpleasant symptoms after
they stop taking it. They do however
constantly crave the drug.
SHORT TERM EFFECTS
 Fatty Liver- Broken down ethanol produces reduced NAD . NAD
is responsible for oxidising fatty acids in liver cells and if NAD is
already oxidized it carry out its duty causing fatty acids to
accumulate which are converted to fat and deposited in the
hepatocytes.
 Hepatitis – inflamed liver caused by excess drinking
LONG TERM
 Cirrhosis
 Cancer
 Impaired Nervous Transmission
 Demyelination
 Dehydration of brain cells
 Drinking and Driving
 Aggressive Behaviour
 Intra Family Violence
 Family Breakdown
 Petty Crime
 Effects 0f Nicotine, Tar and Carbon monoxide
on cilia- Nicotine paralyzes the cilia which
remove dirt and bacteria. The accumulation of
extra material in the air passage can restrict air
flow.
 Causes constriction of finer bronchioles
which increases resistance to air flow.
 Smoke acts an irritant which cause secretion
of excess mucus from goblet cells and excess
fluid in the air way.
 Emphysema- cigarette smoke disturb the
normal balance between and the replacement
of tissues. They inhibit enzymes which
prevent the breakdown of elastic tissue in the
walls of the alveoli and also inhibit the repair
process.
 Chronic Bronchitis- Bronchitis is
inflammation of the lining of the air passage.
This is due to excess cigarette smoke which
results in breathlessness.
 Lung Cancer-Tar in tobacco smoke contains several
substances that are carcinogens. These react, directly or
via breakdown products, with DNA in epithelial cells
to produce mutations, which are the first in a series of
changes that lead to the development of a mass of
cells, known as a tumour.
 Vasoconstrictions-Long-term smokers put the health of
their cardiovascular system at risk. Damage to the
walls of arteries may lead to the build-up of fatty tissue
and the reduction of blood flow. Coronary heart disease
(CHD) and stroke may be the result. These diseases are
a major cause of death and disability.
 Increase in the number of erythrocytes-Carbon monoxide
diffuses across the walls of the alveoli and into the blood in
the lungs. It diffuses into red blood cells where it combines
with haemoglobin to form the stable compound
carboxyhaemoglobin.This means that haemoglobin does not
become fully oxygenated.
 Formation of bloodclots-Nicotine is the drug in tobacco. It is
absorbed very readily by the blood and travels to the brain
within a few seconds. It stimulates the nervous system to
reduce the diameter of the arterioles and to release the
hormone adrenaline from the adrenal glands. As a result, heart
rate and blood pressure increase and there is a decrease in
blood supply to the extremities of the body, such as hands and
feet, reducing their supply of oxygen. Nicotine also increases
the risk of blood clotting.