Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Introduction
A bank is a financial institution whose primary activity is to act
as a payment agent for customers and to borrow and lend
money.
Banks provide funds to allow businesses to purchase
inventory and collect back those funds with interest when the
goods are sold.
Banks are important players in the financial markets (because
of the financial services they offer).
For centuries, the banking industry only dealt with
businesses, not consumers.
Banks have influenced economies and politics for ages.
Introduction
In some countries (Germany), banks own large corporations
while in other countries (US), banks are prohibited to own
non-financial corporations.
In Japan, banks are usually the nexus of cross share holding
entities known as zaibatsu.
In France, bancassurance is highly present, as most banks
offer insurance services (and now real estate services) to their
clients.
Nowadays, banking services have expanded to include
services directed at individuals (and risk in these much
smaller transactions are pooled).
Key Concepts
1. The General Banking Law (RA No. 8791) – an act providing
for the regulation of the organization/operations of banks, quasi-
banks, trust entities and for other purposes; est. Feb. 23, 1995.
2. The Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP) – was rechartered on
July 3, 1993, pursuant to the provisions of the 1987 Philippine
Constitution and the New Central Bank Act of 1993. The Central
Bank of the Phils. was established on January 3, 1949, as the
country’s central monetary authority.
3. Bank Regulations – are a form of government regulation which
subject banks to certain requirements, restrictions, and guidelines.
4. Bank secrecy – a legal principle under which banks are allowed
to protect personal information of their customers.
Key Concepts
5. Capital requirement – is a bank regulation about how banks
must handle their capital. In 1988, the Basel Accord provided a
capital measurement for banks, it was eventually enhanced by Basel I
& II.
6. Deposit account – a savings or current account in a bank that
allows for deposit and withdrawal of funds by account holders.
7. Loan – is a type of debt. A loan entails the distirubution of
financial assets over time between the lender and borrower.
8. Money laundering – the practice of engaging in financial
transactions to conceal the source and destination of dirty money.
9. Universal bank – a bank that participates in all banking activities.
A bank that is both commercial and investment bank.
What is Banking?
Banking – is the business of receiving deposits
from the general public, and then lending the
funds to borrowers, or otherwise investing.
Explanation:
We give a bank our money to keep it safe for us, and
then the bank turns around and gives it to someone else
in order to make money for itself.
Banks can legally extend considerably more credit than
they have cash.
Still, most of us have total trust in the bank's ability to
protect our money and give it to us when we ask for it.
Historical Background of Banking
Banks originated in ancient Mesopotamia
thousands of years ago (where royal
palaces and temples provided secure
places for the safekeeping of grains and
commodities).
Recent changes:
Before, only commercial banks could offer checking
accounts. Today, other types of banks could do so.
Before, only savings banks could provide housing
loans. Today, commercial banks are into the same
business
What is a Bank?
A Bank – receives/holds deposits (of funds) from
depositors, makes loans to borrowers, or otherwise
invests these funds; organized in the form of a stock
corporation.
– derives profit from (a) interest income, (b) fees,
and (c) charges.
Official definition:
“Banks” - shall refer to entities engaged in the
lending of funds obtained in the form of deposits. - The
General Banking Law of 2000 (RA No. 8791).
Bank’s Primary Function
The primary function of banks is to put their
depositors' money to use by lending it out to others
who can then use it to buy homes, send kids to college,
business purposes, etc.
Note: A credit card is not only a useful tool for credit but
also as a means for payment since it allows the holder to
borrow money and buy goods up to a certain limit w/o
paying for them immediately.
Pooling of Savings
Banks accept savings from customers.
Individual savings are pooled to form bigger
amounts and made available to borrowers engaged
in production/other ventures.
With the use of the pooled funds, banks are able
to extend loans for:
– business expansion
– purchase of real estate
– purchase of consumer goods/services
Extension of Credit
Banks are primary sources of credit.
Its lending activities enable people to obtain a
higher standard of living (through increased
production by the various industries, and increased
investments in capital).
Example: Loans to farmers will enable them to
increase their output (he can buy seeds, feed,
fertilizers, etc.) to produce food enough to feed an
entire nation.
Financing Foreign Trades
When a buyer wants to make a purchase from a foreign
country, the following can be a problem
– acceptability of the buyer’s currency
– assurance of payment and shipment of goods
– language barriers
With banks, such problems can be eliminated.
Example: The buyer may buy foreign currency in a bank; use
of letters of credit (LC).
Note: An LC – is a written statement of the bank addressed
to the seller guaranteeing that the bank will accept and pay a
draft, up to a specified sum, if presented in accordance with
the terms of the LC. If the seller shows proof (to the
correspondent bank of the buyer) that the goods had already
been shipped, he/she will receive payments.
Trust/Fiduciary Services
Banks serve as managers, administrators or trustees of
estate of deceased persons, for the heirs, or for
minors, absentees, or other incompetents who cannot
manage their own properties.
Notes:
1. Trust – is a formal arrangement between trustor, trustee, and
beneficiary.
2.Trustor – creator of trust (could be individual or corp.).
3. Trustee – agent of trustor in the management/ administration
of certain property.
4. Beneficiary – party for whom trust was created.
Why Banks Act in Fiduciary Capacity?
Banks are (relatively) permanent institutions – have
perpetual successions.
Safety – banks have fixed place of business, fixed
hours, no speculation, no false accounts
Skill – commands the necessary management skills
Confidentiality – bank records and accounts are
confidential
Gov’t supervision – supervised by a regulatory
authority
Financial strength – under a strict capital and reserve
requirements
Safekeeping of Valuables
Safekeeping services has become an important function of banks
(although it is one of its oldest function).
Individuals with valuables may not have the capability of keeping
such valuables safe and secure.
Classes of protecting valuables:
1. Safe Deposit Boxes (SDB) – is a vault available to customers on
a rental basis. Under this arrangement, only the customer is
allowed to open the box. Access to the box is controlled by the
bank.
2. Safekeeping – the bank takes custody of the valuables and acts as
agent to the customer. Ex. When a bond is placed under the care
of the bank, the principal and interest will be collected by the
bank upon maturity and these are deposited to the customer’s
account.
Brokerage Services
Some banks offer to buy and sell securities for
customers.
This service relieves the buyer and seller of
securities with the difficulties of contacting a
security dealer.
As banks cover the entire country, the accessibility
of such service becomes more economical and
convenient to clients.
Other Functions of Banks
The clearance of checks function
The note-issue function (performed by the central
bank)
The exchange function
The financing foreign travel function
The remittance and collection function
Advisory function
Check Clearing
Check Clearing – the movement of a check from the bank in which
it was deposited to the bank of which it was drawn. This process
(called “clearing cycle”) normally results in a credit of account at the
bank of deposit, and an equivalent debit to the account of the bank
in which it was drawn.
Types of Fx Rate:
1. Free rate 5. Sight rate
2. Official rate 6. Time rate
3. Spot rate 7. Market rate
4. Forward rate 8. OTC rate
Remittance & Collection
Banks remit amounts due to creditors upon order of
debtors who are bank customers.
Banks will collect accounts for creditors who are also
bank customers
Service fees, determined by contracts, are charged the
clients for above bank services.
Advisory Function
Banks, because of the technical training and
experience of its personnel, are generally in a position
to give advisory counsel to their customers with
reference to such matters as investments, etc.
“Productive” Loans
In the early days, bank loans were only short-term
used for productive purposes (ex. carrying a crop
through harvest or carrying an inventory) and
considered as self-liquidating. As soon as the crop, for
example, was sold, the loan could be repaid.
Accounting for Bank Accounts
Bank statements are accounting records produced
by banks under various accounting standards.
Under GAAP there are two kinds of accounts:
debit and credit.
Credit accounts are Revenue, Equity and Liabilities.
Debit Accounts are Assets and Expenses. This means
you credit credit accounts to increase their balances
and you debit debit accounts to increase their
balances.
Bank’s Responsibility to Depositors and
Stockholders
See to it that funds are protected from loss, by being
cautious in their loans and investments, to such an
extent as to assure profits.
See to it that depositors’ claims for withdrawals are
met upon demand, for ready repayment assures
depositors of the use of their money in transactions
worth many times the values of their deposits.
See to it that bank funds are put to such productive
uses as to yield satisfactory dividends to shareholders,
and to increase the bank surplus account as to cushion
the bank against loss during lean years.
Bank Crisis
Banks are susceptible to different types of risks:
Liquidity risk – withdrawals beyond available funds
Credit risk – those who owe money to the bank will not repay.
Operational risk – improper operation of processing or
management system resulting to loss, ex. Inexperienced
personnel, unauthorized trading, easily accessed computer
system, etc.
Legal risk – arises from the possibility that an entity may not
be able to enforce a contract (an illegality of the contract or the
other party entered into the contract w/o proper authority or
ultra vires).
Interest rate risk – bank will be unprofitable in the rise of
interest rate.
General Causes of Bank Failures
Severe business depressions
Poor management.
Large loans to officers and directors of the bank.
Large loans to business concerns (in which the bank’s
officers/directors are financially interested).
Unexpected depreciation or decrease in the value of
the securities held by the bank.
Heavy withdrawals by depositors (bank run) as a
result of loss of confidence in the bank or in its
management.