HOUSING

HUMAN SETTLEMENT PROGRAMS

MORATORIUM ON DEMOLITION / EVICTION, EJECTMENT, EASEMENT, DEMOLITION / EVICTION

EJECTMENT: FORCIBLE ENTRY AND UNLAWFUL DETAINER

PD 772 ANTI SQUATING LAWS

HUMAN SETTLEMENT
PROGRAMS
Department of Human Settlements and Urban
Development Act of 2017
The state shall, by law and for the common good, undertake, in cooperation with
the private sector, a continuing program of housing, urban and rural development
which shall make available at affordable cost, decent housing and basic services
to the underprivileged and homeless citizens in urban centers and resettlement
areas. It shall also promote adequate employment opportunities to such citizens.
In the implementation of such program, the state shall respect the rights of all
property owners.
The state shall pursue the realization of a modem, humane, economically viable and,
environmentally-sustainable society where the urbanization process is manifest in towns and
cities being centers of productive economic activity and is led by market forces; where urban
areas have affordable housing, sustainable physical and social infrastructure and services
facilitated under the democratic and decentralized system of governance; and where urban
areas provide the opportunities for an improved quality of life and eradication of poverty.

The State shall ensure that poor dwellers in urban and rural areas shall not be evicted nor their
dwelling demolished, except in accordance with law.

In addition, the State shall encourage on-site development in the implementation of housing programs
and shall promote the creation of new settlements and development of sustainable urban renewal
programs.
DEPARTMENT OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS AND URBAN
DEVELOPMENT

Creation and Mandates of the Department of Human Settlements and Urban

Development
There is hereby created the Department of the Human Settlements and Urban
Development, hereinafter referred to as the Department, through the
consolidation of the Housing and Urban Development Coordinating Council
(HUDCC) and the Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board (HLURB).
The Department shall act as primary national government entity responsible
for the management of housing, human settlements and urban development.
It shall be the sole planning and policy-making, regulatory, program
coordination, and performance monitoring, adjudicating entity for all housing,
human settlement and urban development concerns, primary focusing on the
access to and affordability of the basic human needs.
Powers and Functions
Policy Development, Coordination, Monitoring and Evaluation

a. Formulate a national housing and urban development policies and strategies that are consistent with
the Philippine Development Plan to promote social and economic welfare, in coordination and in
consultation with national and local stakeholders, local government units (LGUs), and other
government agencies.
b. Formulate housing finance policies, recommend and facilitate the development of mechanisms that
promote the establishment of a self-sustaining housing finance system in coordination with the relevant
agencies.
c. Formulate and implement housing policies and programs, in coordination with the key shelter
agencies for urban poor communities and informal settler families (ISFs) that shall promote the social
and economic welfare of homeless families, particularly the poor and underprivileged.
d. Conduct continuing and comprehensive studies and research necessary for housing and
urban development.

e. In the exercise of oversight functions, develop and establish a sector performance monitoring
and assessment mechanism to accurately and independently report on the performance of
national government agencies and LGUs involved in the housing and urban development and
ensure continuing improvements in sector policy and strategy formulation.
Environmental, Land Use and Urban Planning and Development

a. Develop and maintain a shelter and urban development management, standards and
monitoring information system which shall include but not be limited to the following data sets:
inventory of idle lands, comprehensive land use plans, inventory of housing stocks, and list of
beneficiaries.
b. Provide technical assistance to LGUs in strengthening its role and building the capability of
provinces, cities and municipalities as the primary entities for housing and urban development
and management, such as but not limited to: the formation of a Local Housing Board (LHB) or
similar entity, preparation of Comprehensive Land Use Plans (CLUP) and Local Shelter Plans
(LSP); and local government compliance with housing and urban development laws, standards
and guidelines.
c. Advocate for assist the LGUs in the establishment of a Special Housing Fund (SHF) which
shall be exclusively used for the new settlement projects with housing and urban development
new settlement projects and renewal projects of the LGUs.
Housing and Real Estate Development Regulation
a. Develop mechanisms and implement programs, in coordination with KSAs and concerned
agencies, that will initiate and promote the establishment of new settlements, urban renewal
programs, and prototypes of housing and urban development interventions, while facilitating the
participation therein of local government partnerships with communities, civil society organizations,
nongovernment organizations, and private groups.
b. Manage and oversee the development of proclaimed housing sites, including the use of these
land assets as resource mobilization strategy to raise alternative resources in developing new
housing projects and efficient financing programs, either by itself or through its attached.
c. Implement a single regulatory system that shall govern all activities relative to the planning,
production, marketing, and management of housing and urban development projects.

d. Take over unfinished, incomplete or abandoned licensed real estate development projects
under Presidential Decree No. 957, in coordination with the appropriate government agencies and
instrumentalities, under such guidelines as may be formulated. Further, the Department shall be
in charge of the regulating use of road and street systems of projects taken-over under this
provisions.
Homeowners Association and Community Development

a. Register, regulate and supervise the Homeowners Associations (HOAs) and Condominium Units
Owners Associations/ Corporations (CUONCs) and other housing development associations.

b. Provide technical assistance to encourage housing cooperatives and civil society organizations to
serve as the implementing agencies of their housing and urban development programs.

c. Promote integrated approaches that provide decent housing, suitable living environment, and
expanded economic opportunities for low and moderate income persons by development of partnerships
among all levels of government and the private sector, including for-profit and non-profit organizations.

d. Effect and oversee a single regulatory system that shall govern all activities relative to the planning,
development, production, marketing, and management of housing and urban development projects,
without encroaching on the jurisdiction of other agencies.
 10
PHILIPPINE LAWS ON HOUSING

Urban Development and Housing Act (RA 7279)

AN ACT TO PROVIDE FOR A COMPREHENSIVE AND CONTINUING URBAN
DEVELOPMENT AND HOUSING PROGRAM, ESTABLISH THE MECHANISM FOR
ITS IMPLEMENTATION, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES.

ARTICLE I
TITLE, POLICY, PROGRAM AND DEFINITION OF TERMS
Section 1. Title. — This Act shall be known as the "Urban Development and
Housing Act of 1992."
Sec. 2. Declaration of State Policy and Program Objectives. — It shall be the
policy of the State to undertake, in cooperation with the private sector, a
comprehensive and continuing Urban Development and Housing Program,
hereinafter referred to as the Program, which shall:
 11
PHILIPPINE LAWS ON HOUSING
(a) Uplift the conditions of the underprivileged and homeless citizens in urban areas and in resettlement
areas by making available to them decent housing at affordable cost, basic services, and
employment opportunities;

(b) (b) Provide for the rational use and development of urban land in order to bring about the following:

(1) Equitable utilization of residential lands in urban and urbanizable areas with particular attention to
the needs and requirements of the underprivileged and homeless citizens and not merely on the
basis of market forces;
(2) Optimization of the use and productivity of land and urban resources;

(3) Development of urban areas conducive to commercial and industrial activities which can generate
more economic opportunities for the people;

(4) Reduction in urban dysfunctions, particularly those that adversely affect public health, safety and
ecology; and

(5) Access to land and housing by the underprivileged and homeless citizens;

"Affordable cost" refers to the most
reasonable price of land and shelter
based on the needs and financial
capability of Program beneficiaries
and appropriate financing schemes;
(b) "Areas for priority development"
refers to those areas declared as
such under existing statutes and
pertinent executive issuances.
(c) "Blighted lands" refers to the
areas where the structures are
dilapidated, obsolete and unsanitary,
tending to depreciate the value of the
land and prevent normal
development and use of the area.
(e) "Idle lands" refers to non-
agricultural lands urban and urbanized
areas on which no improvements, as
herein defined, have been made by the
owner, as certified by the city, municipal
or provincial assessor;
"Land banking" refers to the acquisition
of land at values based on existing use
in advance of actual need to promote
planned development and socialized
housing programs;
(k) "Land use plan" refers to the rational
approach of allocating available
resources as equitably as possible
among competing user groups and for
different functions consistent with the
development plan of the area and the
Program under this Act;
12
(l) "On-site development" refers to the process
of upgrading and rehabilitation of blighted
slum urban areas with a view of minimizing
displacement of dwellers in said areas, and
with provisions for basic services as provided
for in Section 21 hereof;
(m) "Professional squatters" refers to
individuals or groups who occupy lands
without the express consent of the landowner
and who have sufficient income for legitimate
housing. The term shall also apply to persons
who have previously been awarded homelots
or housing units by the Government but who
sold, leased or transferred the same to settle
illegally in the same place or in another urban
area, and non-bona fide occupants and
intruders of lands reserved for socialized
housing. The term shall not apply to individuals
or groups who simply rent land and housing
from professional squatters or squatting
syndicates;
 13
(n) "Resettlement areas" refers to areas identified by the appropriate national
agency or by the local government unit with respect to areas within its jurisdiction,
which shall be used for the relocation of the underprivileged and homeless citizens;

(o) "Security of tenure" refers to the degree of protection afforded to qualified

Program beneficiaries against infringement or unjust, reasonable and arbitrary
eviction or disposition, by virtue of the right of ownership, lease agreement, usufruct
and other contractual arrangements;

(q) "Small property owners" refers to those whose only real property consists of
residential lands not exceeding three hundred square meters (300 sq.m.) in highly
urbanized cities and eight hundred square meters (800 sq.m.) in other urban areas;

(v) "Urban areas" refers to all cities regardless of their population density and to
municipalities with a population density of at least five hundred (500) persons per
square kilometers;
 14
PHILIPPINE LAWS ON HOUSING AND HUMAN SETTLEMENTS
Urban Development and Housing Act (RA 7279)
(Date of Effectivity: 29 March 1992)
Constitutional Basis:
Art. 13. SOCIAL JUSTICE AND HUMAN RIGHTS
Sec. 9. The State shall, by law and for the common good
undertake, in cooperation with the private sector, a
continuing program of urban land reform and housing
which will make available at affordable cost decent
housing and basic services to underprivileged and
homeless citizens in urban centres and resettlement
areas. It shall also promote adequate employment
opportunities to citizens. In the implementation of such
programs the State shall respect the rights of small
property owners.
 15

▫ Sec. 10. Urban or rural poor

dwellers shall not be evicted nor
their dwellings demolished,
except in accordance with law and
in a just and humane manner.

▫ No resettlement of urban or rural

dwellers shall be undertaken
without adequate consultation
with them and the communities
where they are to be relocated.
 Objectives:
A. Make available to underprivileged and homeless citizens decent housing at affordable
cost;

B. Provide for rational use and development of urban land;

C. Regulate and direct urban growth and expansion towards a dispersed urban net and
more balanced urban-rural interdependence;

D. provide for an equitable land tenure system that shall guarantee security of tenure to
program beneficiaries but shall respect the rights of small property owners and ensure
the payment of just compensation;

E. Encourage more effective people's participation in the urban development process; and

F. Improve the capability of local government units in undertaking urban development and
housing programs and projects.
 17

Beneficiaries:

▫ Must be male or female Filipino underprivileged and homeless

citizen ( individual/families in
▫ Urban / urbanizable areas whose income/combined household
income is within poverty threshold and who do not own housing
facilities and those who do not enjoy security of tenure)
▫ Must not own real property in urban or rural areas
▫ Not a professional squatter or not a member of squatting
syndicates
Salient Provisions
National Urban Development and Housing Framework

a comprehensive plan for urban and urbanizable areas to serve as basis for
achieving the objectives of the law

formulated by the Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board (HLURB) under the
direction of the Housing and Urban Development Coordination Council
(HUDCC) in coordination with all local government units and other concerned
public and private sectors
 19

UDHA Socialized Housing Program

The housing program of the law provides for:

a) Beneficiary listing (coming up with a master list of beneficiaries within

one year from the effectivity of the law)
a) Land inventory (within the territorial jurisdiction of LGUs)
a) Identification of socialized housing sites
a) Acquisition of identified socialized housing sites
a) Disposition of lands for socialized housing
 20

UDHA
Resettlement
Program
 21

resettlement of persons living in danger areas (esteros, railroad tracks,

garbage dump, riverbanks shorelines and waterways) and public places
(sidewalks, roads, parks and playgrounds) the LGUs, in coordination with
the National Housing Authority, are tasked to provide relocation or
resettlement sites with basic services and facilities and access to
employment opportunities sufficient to meet the basic needs of the
affected families. the law requires that this program be undertaken within
2 years from the date of its effectivity (March 29, 1992 - March 29, 1994)
 22

Balanced Housing Program

Developers of proposed subdivision projects are required to develop an area for
socialized housing equivalent to at least 20% of the total subdivision area or total
subdivision cost with the option to comply instead through any of the following:
development of a new settlement; slum upgrading; joint-venture projects with
LGUs or any housing agency; or, participation in the community mortgage
program
.
 23

Eviction and Demolition

Eviction or demolition as a practice shall be discouraged. Eviction or
demolition, however, may be allowed under the following situations:
(a) When persons or entities occupy danger areas such as esteros,
railroad tracks, garbage dumps, riverbanks, shorelines, waterways,
and
other public places such as sidewalks, roads, parks, and
playgrounds;
(b) When government infrastructure projects with available funding
are
about to be implemented; or
(c) When there is a court order for eviction and demolition.
 24
In the execution of eviction or demolition orders involving underprivileged
and homeless citizens, the following shall be mandatory:

(1) Notice upon the effected persons or entities at least thirty (30) days prior to the
date of eviction or demolition;
(2) Adequate consultations on the matter of settlement with the duly designated
representatives of the families to be resettled and the affected communities in the
areas where they are to be relocated;
(3) Presence of local government officials or their representatives during eviction or
demolition;
(4) Proper identification of all persons taking part in the demolition;
(5) Execution of eviction or demolition only during regular office hours from Mondays
to Fridays and during good weather, unless the affected families consent otherwise;
 25

(6) No use of heavy equipment for demolition except for structures that are permanent and of
concrete materials;
(7) Proper uniforms for members of the Philippine National Police who shall occupy the first line
of law enforcement and observe proper disturbance control procedures; and
(8) Adequate relocation, whether temporary or permanent: Provided, however, That in cases of
eviction and demolition pursuant to a court order involving underprivileged and homeless
citizens, relocation shall be undertaken by the local government unit concerned and the National
Housing Authority with the assistance of other government agencies within forty-five (45) days
from service of notice of final judgment by the court, after which period the said order shall be
executed: Provided, further, That should relocation not be possible within the said period,
financial assistance in the amount equivalent to the prevailing minimum daily wage multiplied by
sixty (60) days shall be extended to the affected families by the local government unit concerned.
This Department of the Interior and Local Government and the Housing and Urban Development
Coordinating Council shall jointly promulgate the necessary rules and regulations to carry out the
above provision.
 26

Eviction and Demolition (Rules and Procedure)

▫ - The law discourages demolition as a practice. Eviction or demolition may be
allowed only when: a. persons/entities occupy danger areas
▫ persons/entities occupy public places
▫ place occupied is a gov't. infrastructure project site
▫ there is a court order for eviction or demolition
▫ construction falls under the category: new illegal structure ( construction after
March 29, 1992)
▫ structure belongs to a professional squatter or a member of a squatting syndicate
▫ - In the execution of eviction or demolition involving underprivileged and homeless
citizens, the following are mandatory: (Sec. 28, UDHA, Implementing Rules and
Regulations)
 27

* 30-day notice
▫ adequate consultation
▫ only during office hours and good weather presence of LGU officials
▫ all those participating in demolitions must have proper ID
▫ the Philippine National Police shall be in proper uniform (their task is not to
demolish but for law enforcement and disturbance control only)
* heavy equipment shall not be used except for concrete structures
 28

Moratorium on Eviction and Demolition

▫ - There shall be a moratorium on the eviction of all

program beneficiaries and on the demolition of their
houses or dwelling units for a period of 3 years from the
effectivity of the law (March 29, 1992 - March 29, 1995),
this while the program components, i.e., the Housing
Program, Resettlement Program, Balanced Housing
Program are being accomplished or otherwise set in
place.
 29

B. Comprehensive and Integrated Shelter Finance Act (RA 7835)

▫ Increasing and regularizing yearly appropriation of the major components

of the national shelter program. It consists the following major component
programs:
▫ Resettlement Program
▫ Medium-Rise Public and Private Housing
▫ Community Mortgage Program
▫ Cost-Recoverable Programs
▫ Local Housing Program
 30

Resettlement
▫ Within two (2) years from the effectivity of this Act, the local government units,
in coordination with the National Housing Authority, shall implement the
relocation and resettlement of persons living in danger areas such as esteros,
railroad tracks, garbage dumps, riverbanks, shorelines, waterways, and in other
public places as sidewalks, roads, parks, and playgrounds. The local government
unit, in coordination with the National Housing Authority, shall provide
relocation or resettlement sites with basic services and facilities and access to
employment and livelihood opportunities sufficient to meet the basic needs of
the affected families.
 31

Resettlement Program (Total Appropriation in 5 Years: 5.2B)

▫ Target Beneficiaries: families displaced by government infrastructure projects;

those occupying danger areas such as waterways, esteros, railroad tracks, etc.; and,
those qualified for relocation and resettlement assistance under UDHA
▫ It has 3 types of program delivery scheme:
- NHA-Administered Resettlement Program
- Resettlement Assistance Program for Local Government Units (the LGUs shall
provide the land while the NHA provides funds for land develoment)
- Resettlement Program with Other Government Agencies and the Private
Sector ( may include 20% balanced housing by developers)
 32

Medium-Rise Private and Public Housing (Total Appropriation in 5 Years: 3B)

▫ Target Beneficiaries:
▫ For Medium-rise Public Housing: city relocation alternative for families affected by
relocation activities and qualified for assistance under UDHA
▫ For Medium-rise Private Housing: housing option to low-income families and to
provide rental housing stock in high-density urban areas
▫ Implementor: National Housing Authority with the participation of other
government agencies, local government units and the private sector
▫ Manner of Acquisition: units are to be disposed either through: outright sale or
lease, depending on the affordability of the beneficiaries
 33

COMMUNITY MORTGAGE PROGRAM

▫ The Community Mortgage Program (CMP) is a mortgage financing

program of the National Home Mortgage Finance Corporation which
assists legally organized associations of underprivileged and homeless
citizens to purchase and develop a tract of land under the concept of
community ownership. The primary objective of the program is to
assist residents of blighted or depressed areas to own the lots they
occupy, or where they choose to relocate to, and eventually improve
their neighborhood and homes to the extent of their affordability.
 34

Community Mortgage Program (Total Appropriation in 5 Years: 12.78B)

▫ Governed by all existing CMP guidelines issued by NHMFC

▫ Key Players: NHMFC - primary implementer
▫ Gov't. agencies, LGUs, NGOs and POs as originators
▫ Community Associations
▫ Landowner
 35

Community Mortgage Program (Total Appropriation in 5 Years: 12.78B)

▫ Governed by all existing CMP guidelines issued by NHMFC

▫ Key Players: NHMFC - primary implementer
▫ Gov't. agencies, LGUs, NGOs and POs as originators
▫ Community Associations
▫ Landowner
 36

Cost Recoverable Programs (Total Appropriation in 5 Years: 2.542 B)

▫ Undertaken by government through the National Housing Authority in cooperation

with LGUs, housing cooperatives, NGOs, POs, landowners, developers and other
government agencies
▫ Cost of land, land development and housing construction are to be recovered from
the target beneficiaries At least 60% of the total number of the house and lot
packages to be produced under this program shall correspond to the lowest loan
package under the Unified Home Lending Program.
 37

Local Housing Program (Total Appropriation in 5 Years: 3B)

▫ Purpose: o ensure the equitable distribution of housing benefits nationwide

▫ Scope: elected urban and urbanizable areas in all congressional districts
▫ Local Government Units may avail of the program, subject to the following
conditions:
 38

EASEMENT DEFINED

Encumbrance imposed upon an immovable for the benefit of a community or one or more persons
or for the benefit of another immovable belonging to a different owner
DIFFERENT KINDS OF EASEMENTS
Art. 613. An easement or servitude is an encumbrance imposed upon an immovable for the benefit
of another immovable belonging to a different owner.

The immovable in favor of which the easement is established is called the dominant estate; that
which is subject thereto, the servient estate. (530)
REAL EASEMENT DEFINED
An easement or servitude is an encumbrance imposed upon an immovable for the benefit of another
immovable belonging to a different owner.
Art. 614. Servitudes may also be established for the benefit of a community, or of one or more
persons to whom the encumbered estate does not belong. (531)
 39

CHARACTERISTICS OF EASEMENT
1. A real right—action in rem is possible against the possessor of the servient estate
2. Imposable only on another’s property
3. It is a jus in realiena—real right that may be alienated although the naked ownership is maintained
4. It is a limitation or encumbrance on the servient estate for another’s benefit
a. It is essential that there be benefit
b. It is not essential that the benefit be exercised
c. It is not essential for the benefit to be very great
d. The benefit shouldn’t be so great as to completely absorb or impair the usefulness of the servant estate, for
then, this would not be merely an encumbrance but the cancellation of the rights of the servient estate
e. The benefit or utility goes to the dominant estate
f. The exercise is naturally restricted by the needs of the dominant estate or of its owner
g. Easements being an abnormal restriction on the ownership are not presumed but may be imposed by law
5. There is inherence
6. It is indivisible
7. It is in transmissible
8. It is perpetual
 40

CLASSIFICATION OF EASEMENTS
CLASS
According to party given the benefit
a. Real easement—for the benefit of another immovable belonging to a different owner
b. Personal easement—for the benefit of one or more persons or of a community

2. According to the manner they are exercised

a. Continuous easements
Continuous easements are those kind of easements that can be enjoyed without a purposeful or deliberate
act by an individual who claims it. Continuous easements include easements for sewer pipes, drains, light
and air, or lateral support of a wall.
b. Discontinuous easements
A discontinuous easement is one that needs the act of man for its enjoyment.
 41

3. According to whether or not their existence is indicated

a. Apparent easement
An apparent easement is an easement that is self- continuing and independent of human
intervention. It means an easement which can be enjoyed without an act on the part of the
person entitled thereto. For instance, a paved trail, a sidewalk, and a flow of a stream are
examples of apparent easement.

b. Non-apparent easement
an easement not involving any permanent visible sign of its existence (as an easement of a way
or of drawing a net upon a shore) —distinguished from apparent easement

4. According to the purpose of the easement or the nature of the limitation

a. Positive easement
Allows the benefited owner to use the burdened area
b. Negative easement
Restricts the burdened landowner’s use of the land
 42

C. PD 772 : ANTI-SQUATTING LAW (Criminal Law)

 43

PENALIZING SQUATTING AND OTHER SIMILAR ACTS

WHEREAS, it came to my knowledge that despite the issuance of Letter
of Instructions No. 19 dated October 2, 1972, directing the Secretaries of
National Defense, Public Works and Communications, Social Welfare
and the Director of Public Works, the PHHC General Manager, the
Presidential Assistant on Housing and Rehabilitation Agency, Governors,
City and Municipal Mayors, and City and District Engineers, "to remove
all illegal constructions including buildings on and along esteros and river
banks, those along railroad tracks and those built without permits on
public and private property, "squatting is still a major problem in urban
communities all over the country;
 44

WHEREAS, many persons or entities found to have been unlawfully

occupying public and private lands belong to the affluent class;

WHEREAS, there is a need to further intensity the government's drive

against this illegal and nefarious practice;

NOW, THEREFORE, I, FERDINAND E. MARCOS, President of the

Philippines, by virtue of the powers vested in me by the Constitution, do
hereby decree and order:
 45

Section 1. Any person who, with the use of force, intimidation or threat, or taking
advantage of the absence or tolerance of the landowner, succeeds in occupying or
possessing the property of the latter against his will for residential commercial or
any other purposes, shall be punished by an imprisonment ranging from six months
to one year or a fine of not less than one thousand nor more than five thousand
pesos at the discretion of the court, with subsidiary imprisonment in case of
insolvency.
If the offender is a corporation or association, the maximum penalty of five years
and the fine of five thousand pesos shall be imposed upon the president, director,
manager or managing partners thereof.

Section 2. This decree shall take effect immediately.

 46

* committed by any person who succeeds in occupying or

possessing the real property of another against the latter's will
through any of the following means:
• Force
• Intimidation
• Threat
• Taking advantage of the absence or tolerance of the landowner
for residential, commercial or any other purposes
 47

D. EJECTMENT LAWS (Civil Law)

Forcible Entry: committed by any person who deprives another of the possession of any land or
building by any of the following acts:

• Force
• Intimidation
• Stealth
• Threat or,
• Strategy

Unlawful Detainer: committed by any person who has an expired or terminated right to hold
possession by virtue of contract, express or implied unlawfully withholding possession from
landlord/vendor/vender or other person legally entitled to possession
 48
WHY THESE LAWS ARE OPPRESSIVE TO THE POOR:

Lack of security of abode (house/land tenure) makes the poor

vulnerable to ejectment and anti-squatting laws. In particular,
PD 772 which criminalizes squatting and prosecutes people
who are more the victims of government inadequacy than
criminals.
(Source: Input shared by Atty. Caloy Ollado, Coordinator for
Urban Poor of SALIGAN, Inc., during the 1996 Young
Professionals' Summer Camp on Social Housing held in Cebu
City)