Introduction to Linguistics

’’Morphology’’

Group 4
ENGLISH EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM
TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION FACULTY
UNIVERSITY OF PALANGKA RAYA
2018
 Chapter 1
Definition of
Language and Language
Morphology Language is a tool of human communication
either spoken or written. In language, there
are many regulation, like how we make or
construct a sentence from phrase and word, so
that our language well and the other people
understand what we say.

Why do we use language ?

- to express inner thoughts and emotions,
- to make interaction with others
- to fulfill our wants and needs as well as to establish rules
and maintain our culture.
 Chapter 1
Definition of
Language and Morphology
Morphology A term Morphology is a Greece based word from the
word “morphe” (=form/structure), and “logie”
(=study)

Morphology is the study of words, how they

are formed, and word formation.

The other literature of definition of morphology:

“Morphology, the study of the internal structure of words, deals with the
forms of lexemes (inflection), and with the ways in which lexemes are formed
(word-formation). New words are made on the basis of patterns of form-
meaning correspondence between existing words. Paradigmatic relationships
between words are therefore essential, and morphology cannot be conceived
of as ‘the syntax of morphemes’ or ‘syntax below the word level’’.
 Chapter 2
WORDS,
SENTENCE, and 2.1 Words as meaningful
DICTIONARIES
building-blocks of
language.
Words is the basic foundation unit of language.
Words building component is :
2.1.1 morpheme
This is the basic of building-block.
Morpheme is the smallest piece of a
word that still carries meaning.
Example: dog
dog is single morpheme, but if you add
one morpheme "s" it's will meaning
more dog.
 Chapter 2
WORDS,
SENTENCE, and 2.2 Words as type and words as tokens
DICTIONARIES 2.2.1 Token
2.2.2 Types

2.3 Words with predicable meaning.

The words are have meanings that are predictable. That
meanings can be worked out on the basis of the sounds or
combinations of sound that make them up.
There are two kind of sound :
a. Onomatopoeic This sound is some words whose sound seems
to reflect their meaning. Such as words for animals cries.
Example : Meow.
b. Sound symbolism
Sound symbolism is within a group of a words partial similarity
in sound correlated with similarity in meaning.
Example : GL-glow, glitter,glam,glory.
 Chapter 2
WORDS,
SENTENCE, and 2.4 Non-words with unpredictable
DICTIONARIES meaning

.
Non-words with unpredictable meaning
is something that is clearly larger than a word
(two or more words) may have meaning that is
not entirely predictable from the meaning of
words that composed it.
Example :
a bed of roses.( It means living in luxury. )
a bad egg. (It means a bad guy. )
 Chapter 3
A word and its part
: roots, affixes, and
their shapes
3.1 Taking words apart

There are many words that need not be listed in dictionaries,

because their meanings are completely predictable (such as
dioeciously), and many which cannot be listed, simply because
they may never have been used (such as un-Clintonish and
antirehabilitationist). These are all words which are not lexical
items. We will focus on these smaller parts of words,generally
called morphemes. (The area of grammar concerned with the
structure of words and with relationships between words
involving the morphemes that compose them is technically
called morphology
 Chapter 3
A word and its part
: roots, affixes, and
their shapes
3.2 Kinds of morpheme:
bound versus free

The morphemes in the word helpfulness, just discussed, do not all have
the same status. Help, -ful and -ness are not simply strung together like
beads on a string. Rather, the core, or starting-point, for the formation
of this word is help; the morpheme -ful is then added to form helpful,
which in turn is the basis for the formation of helpfulness. In using the
word ‘then’ here, I am not referring to the historical sequence in which
the words help, helpful and helpfulness came into use
 Chapter 3
A word and its part
: roots, affixes, and
their shapes
3.2 Kinds of morpheme:
bound versus free
all of which consist uncontroversially of two
morphemes,
separated by a hyphen:
read-able leg-ible
hear-ing audi-ence
en-large magn-ify
perform-ance rend-ition
white-ness clar-ity
dark-en obfusc-ate
seek-er applic-ant
 Chapter 3
A word and its part
: roots, affixes, and
their shapes
3.3 Kinds of morpheme:
root, affix, combining
form
The root of a complex word is usually free. Of the non-root morphemes in
the words that we have looked at so far, those that precede the root (like
en- in enlarge) are called prefixes, while those that follow it are called
suffixes (like -ance in performance, -ness in whiteness, and -able in
readable).
 Chapter 4
A word and its
forms: inflection 4.1 Words and grammar:
lexemes, word forms and
grammatical words
- The dancer performs in the local bar every weekend
- The dancer performed at Paris Suave Dance Festival last night.
- The performance was extraordinary

 What happens in sentence (1) and (2) is the process of word formation
called inflection

 performs, perform and performed are all

inflected forms of the lexeme PERFORM
 Chapter 4
A word and its
forms: inflection 4.1 Words and grammar:
lexemes, word forms and
grammatical words
The most straightforward way to define the term word form is to tie it so
closely to pronunciation that pronunciation is its sole criterion: two word
forms are the same if and only if they are pronounced the same, or are
homophonous

- She bought somedrinks

- She drinks 1.5 litre of water a day

the term grammatical word is used for

designations like ‘the plural of the noun drink‘
and the third person singular present tense of
the verb drink’
 Chapter 4
A word and its
forms: inflection 4.2 Regular and irregular
inflection
Dogs Adding suffix –s to a
Cats noun root is the
Goats regular method of
Chairs forming plural
Tables

Mice Mouse
Children Child
Men Are irregular Man
Feet plurar form of : Foot
Geese Goose
 Chapter 4
A word and its
forms: inflection 4.2 Regular and irregular
inflection

Better - Irregular inflection forms of Good

Worse - Suppletion of Bad

Suppletion vs Allomorph
Root Suppletion
 Chapter 4
A word and its
forms: inflection 4.3 Forms of nouns

4.4 Forms of pronouns and

determiners
4.5 Forms of verb

4.6 Forms of adjectives

 Chapter 5
A word and its
relatives:
derivation
What is
derivation?

Morphological derivation, in linguistics, is the process of forming a new

word from an existing word. The purpose of this chapter is to add more
detail, to complete the explanation of how derivation works in English.
We are concerned mainly with relationships involving affixation, we are
also going to learn more about word classes and conversion and how it is
related to derivation process.
 Chapter 5
A word and its
relatives: Here are the things that will be
derivation
explained:

• Word classes and conversion

• Adverbs derived from adjectives
• Nouns derived from nouns
• Nouns derived from members of other word classes
• Adjectives derived from adjectives
• Adjectives derived from members of other word classes
• Verbs derived from verbs
• Verbs derived from other word classes
 Chapter 6
Compound word,
blend and
phrasal words 6.1 Compounds versus phrases

Compounds are words which are formed by combining roots, and the
much smaller category of phrasal words. It will be a little bit difficult to
differentiate whether a pair of such roots constitutes a compound word
or a phrase, but there are enough clear cases to show that the distinction
between compounds and phrases is valid.
 Chapter 6
Compound word,
blend and
phrasal words 6.2 Compounds Verbs

Compound verbs are formed by compounding are much less

usual than verbs derived by affixation.

6.3 Compounds Adjectives

 Chapter 6
Compound word,
blend and
phrasal words 6.4 Compound Nouns
Compound nouns are words for people,
animals, places, things, or ideas, made up of
two or more words. Most compound nouns
are made with nouns that have been modified
by adjectives or other nouns.

6.5 Headed and Headless

Compounds
Headed compounds are compounds which
have an internal centre (it is called
endocentric),
 Chapter 6
Compound word, 6.6 Blends and Acronyms
blend and
phrasal words Blend is a kind of compound which at least one
component is reproduced only partially, i.e.

6.7 Compounds Containing Bound

Combining Forms
There are some compounds which are formed
from bound combining forms, i.e.
anthropology (it has a central linking vowel - o
– that cannot conclusively be assigned to
either root.

6.8 Phrasal Words

Phrasal words are complex items that function
as words, yet whose internal structure is that
of a clause or a phrase rather than of a
compound
 Chapter 6
Compound word, 6.6 Blends and Acronyms
blend and
phrasal words Blend is a kind of compound which at least one
component is reproduced only partially, i.e.

6.7 Compounds Containing Bound

Combining Forms
There are some compounds which are formed
from bound combining forms, i.e.
anthropology (it has a central linking vowel - o
– that cannot conclusively be assigned to
either root.

6.8 Phrasal Words

Phrasal words are complex items that function
as words, yet whose internal structure is that
of a clause or a phrase rather than of a
compound
 Chapter 7
A WORD AND ITS
STRUCTURE 7.2 Affixes as Heads

In Chapter 6 we saw that most compounds are headed, with the head on
the right. Superficially these two facts are unconnected. Consider, however,
the role played by the head house of a compound such as greenhouse. As
head, house determines the compound’s syntactic status (as a noun), and
also its meaning, inasmuch as a greenhouse is a kind of house for plants.
This is very like the role played by the suffix -er in the derived word teacher:
it determines that teacher is a noun, unlike its base, the verb teach, and it
contributes the meaning ‘someone who Xs’, where the semantic blank X is
here filled in by teach.
 Chapter 7
A WORD AND ITS
STRUCTURE 7.1 Meaning and Structure

In Chapter 2 it was pointed out that many words have meanings that are
predictable, more or less, on the basis of their components. Some words
are so predictable, indeed, that they do not have to be listed as lexical
items. This predictability of meaning depends on how the structure of
complex word forms guides their interpretation. Even with words that
are lexically listed, unless their meaning is entirely different from what
one might expect, such guidance is relevant.
In some words, structure is straightforward. For example, the lexeme
helpful, already discussed in Chapter 5, is derived from the noun base
help by means of the adjective-forming suffix -ful . Because there are
only two elements in this word form, it may seem there is not much to
say about its structure.
 Chapter 7
A WORD AND ITS
STRUCTURE 7.3 More elaborate word forms:
multiple affixation

Many derived words contain more than one affix. Examples are
unhelpfulness and helplessness. Imagine now that the structure of these
words is entirely ‘flat’: that is, that they each consist of merely a string of
affixes plus a root, no portions of the string being grouped together as a
substring or smaller constituent within the word. The flat-structure
approach misses a crucial observation. Unhelpfulness contains the suffix
-ful only by virtue of the fact that it contains (in some sense) the
adjective helpful. Likewise, helplessness contains -less by virtue of the
fact that it contains helpless.
 Chapter 8
Productivity

Productivity is the degree to which

native speakers use a particular grammatical
process, especially in word formation. It
compares grammatical processes that that are
in frequent use to less frequently used ones
that tend towards lexicalization. Generally the
test of productivity concerns identifying which
grammatical forms would be used in the
coining of new words will tend to only be
converted to other forms using productive
processes.
 Chapter 8
Productivity

What will be explained :

-Introduction: Kinds of productivity

-Productivity in shape: Formal generality and

regularity.

-Productivity in meaning: Semantic reqularity.

-Semantic blocking.

-Productivity in compounding.

-Conclusion: Productivity in syntax

 Chapter 9
The historical In derivational morphology, history sheds light
sources of in particular on the distribution of free and
English word bound roots and on the differences in
formation productivity. In inflectional morphology, what
is striking is the transformation of English from
a language with elaborate inflectional
morphology to the one in which inflection
plays a much more limited role

Things will be explained are :

• Germanic, Romance and Greek vocabulary

• The rarity of borrowed inflectional morphology
• The reduction in inflectional morphology
• Characteristic of Germanic and Germanic derivation
• Fashions in morphology
• Conclusion : history and structure
Chapter
10 Conclusion

Morphology
Morhology? What's that?

Word? Lexeme? Morpheme?

Morpheme
- Free Morphemes
1. Lexical
2. Functional

-Bound Morphemes
1. Derivational
2. Inflectional