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PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS

OF
SPACE-TIME CODED MODULATION
TECHNIQUES
USING
MIMO CHANNEL MODELS

By
ANURANJAN KANSAL

PROF. DINESH CHANDRA


SUPERVISOR
INTRODUCTION
WIRELESS SYSTEM

 Since the early 1980’s wireless phone requirement has


increased in an exponential manner.

 In new generation wireless systems are designed to:

 Enable internet data services.


 Provide network multimedia capability.
 Increase voice capacity.
LIMITATION:

 SISO wireless channel.


 Multipath.
 Fading.
 Limited Power & channel Bandwidth.

REMEDY:
 Diversity
 Frequency diversity.

 Time diversity.
 Space diversity.

Space diversity is the subject of interest in this thesis.

 Coding.
 Space Time Block Codes (STBC).
PURPOSE OF THE THESIS..

 To discuss a technology for improving channel capacity


( in exchange of increased system complexity ) for a given
fixed values of transmit power and channel bandwidth.

 To discuss performance of Space diversity technique.

 Receive diversity.
 Transmit diversity (Use of space-time codes).
 MIMO channel.
 The objective of this thesis is to develop MIMO
channel model and analyze the performance of
Space- time coded modulation technique in these
channel models.
MIMO WIRELESS SYSTEMS
CAPACITY ANALYSIS

 Capacity of SISO fading channel.

Figure: A SISO Channel [56].

X : Input
Y: Output
h: Channel fading coefficient
 Capacity for SISO channel in bits/sec/Hz.

 For fading SISO channel .


MIMO SYSTEMS
 Parallel channels
Es : Total energy at Transmitter.

 Water filling scheme (Channel known at Transmitter)

Figure: Illustrating Water filling [43] .


 The capacity on using water filling approach is:

En : Energy allocated to nth channel.


hn : Fading coefficient of nth channel.
 We now turn to the more practical MIMO situation.

 N Transmitters.
 M Receivers.
 M x N channel matrix H in between.

If
 R is the rank of channel Matrix H
 dm2 are the M eigenvalues of HHH

The system is equivalent to R parallel channels only.


MIMO COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

Figure : A communication system that achieves capacity.

where ˜y = UHy V : Right singular vector.


~x = VHx. UH : Left singular vector.
MIMO CAPACITY IN FADING CHANNELS
 The figure plots the capacity (in b/s/Hz) versus M or N.

 The eight plots are for different SNR between 0 dB and 35


dB in steps of 5 dB.

Figure: MIMO capacity in fading channels [9].

 Note : The linear relationship between the capacity and the


number of transmit and receive channels.
Effect of Rayleigh fading on the probability of bit error

The probability of bit error in an AWGN channel is :

Pe = ½ erfc ( Eb/No )

 Where Eb/No is the SNR per bit.

 With Rayleigh fading the average probability of bit error for


BPSK is :
 Rayleigh fading converts an exponential dependency
of bit error probability on the signal-to-noise ratio
(SNR) into an inverse relationship.

Figure: Effect of Rayleigh fading on the probability of bit error for BPSK [38].
RECEIVE DIVERSITY
 Signals from a transmitter follow multiple paths to the receiver.
 The receiver has access to several independent fading channels, each
carrying the same signal.
 It can combine the information on each path to decrease Pe at the
receiver.

Figure : Effect of diversity on Pe at receiver [41].


DIVERSITY COMBINING TECHNIQUES

Figure : Receive and diversity combining.

 Selective Combining (SC).

 Maximal Ratio Combining (MRC).


 Equal Gain Combining (EGC).
SPACE TIME CODING
TRANSMIT DIVERSITY

 Multiple antennas at transmitter.

Figure : Transmit Diversity .


 Space Time Block Codes (STBC).

 Inefficient transmit diversity scheme.


 To achieve transmit diversity one must introduce redundancy in
both the space and time dimensions.

 Diversity without wasting bandwidth.

 Alamouti[27] presents a remarkably simple scheme to achieve


transmit diversity.

 Encoding

Figure : G2 scheme .
 Received signal

Y1 = ES /2 [h1x1 + h2x2 + n1]


Y2 = ES/2 [-h1x2* + h2x1* + n2]

 Decoding

Y1 ES h1 h2 x1 n1
Y2* 2 h2* -h1* x2 n2 *

Y= ES/2 H X + N

h1 * h2

Now H H =
h2* -h1
r1 ES x1 n1
R = = HHY = HHH + HH
r2 2 x2 n2 *

r1 = ES/2 [|h1|2 + |h2|2] x1 + h1*n1 + h2n2*

r2 = ES/2 [|h1|2 + |h2|2] x2 + h2*n1 - h1n2*


Figure : G4 scheme
SIMULATION AND RESULT
Receive Diversity

Simulation has been done for 3 groups :


 Single Input Single Output.
 Single Input Dual Output - comparing combining techniques.
 Single Input Multiple Outputs - showing the effect of additional antennas.
Figure : Effect of Rayleigh fading on the probability of bit error for 16-QAM.
Figure : Dual antenna diversity for 16-QAM.
Figure: Selective Combining with different number of antennas for 16-QAM.
Figure: Equal Gain Combining with different number of antennas for 16-QAM.
Transmit diversity & MIMO system

Simulation has been done for 3 groups:


 Effect of increasing Transmitting antennas.
 MIMO system with same diversity order of 4 (4-Tx-1-Rx &
2-Tx-2-Rx).
 Effect of increasing Receiving antennas.
Figure : Performance of Space time block codes
( 1-Rx antenna increasing TX antennas).
Figure : Performance of Space time block codes
(same diversity order of 4)
Figure : Performance of Space time block codes
( 4-Tx antenna increasing Rx antennas).
CONCLUSION
 MRC has superior performance.
 Using receive diversity problem of multi-path and fading is reduced to
much extent.
 Same performance as MRC can be achieved by using STBC scheme at
transmitter.

Thus, the introduction of receive diversity and


transmit diversity using STBC code has encouraged
researchers in the wireless field to identify and study
the various issues involved in providing high data
rate wireless communication using MIMO systems.
SCOPE OF THE FUTURE
 Bell Labs Layered Space-Time Architecture
(BLAST).
 V-BLAST (vertical BLAST).

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