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Pronoun and
Determiners
Reflexive Pronouns
When the Subject and the Object in a sentence refer to the same person or
thing we use a Reflexive Pronoun.

If you are using YOU in the plural, the reflexive pronoun


is yourselves.

Examples of sentences using reflexive pronouns:

1. My daughter likes to dress herself without my help.


2. I taught myself to play the guitar.
3. My cat always licks itself.
When to use reflexive pronouns

 When the subject and the object refer to the same person or thing.
1. He accidentally cut himself while he was chopping the vegetables
2. She bought a present for herself.
3. We helped ourselves to the free drinks at the launch party.
4. They injured themselves during the rugby match.
5. I enjoyed myself at the concert.
6. The dog is scratching itself – it must have fleas!
When to use reflexive pronouns

We use them for emphasis.


1. The author signed the book for me herself!
2. I did it myself.
In some cases we use it to have a similar meaning to also.
1. Annabelle was pretty happy last night. I was pretty happy myself.
When NOT to use reflexive pronouns

 There are a number of verbs in English with which we rarely or never use
reflexive pronouns (as they are in other languages).
They include: adapt, complain, concentrate, get up, hide, lie down,
meet, move, relax, remember, shave, shower, sit down.
 After a preposition of place or location we use a personal pronoun and not a
reflexive pronoun.
1. He put the backpack next to him.
Reflexive Pronouns with Objects

 We use verb + reflexive pronoun + object when we do something for ourselves.


1. She cooked herself a quiche.
2. We taught ourselves French.
 We use verb + object + reflexive pronoun when we want to emphasize that another person did
not do the action (or assist).
1. I repaired the tire myself.
2. They did the homework themselves.
3. My brother spoke to his boss himself about a raise.
A friend of mine

We say '(a friend) of mine/yours/his/hers/ours/theirs':

 I'm going to a wedding on Saturday. A friend of


mine is getting married. (not a friend of me)
 We went on holiday with some friends of ours. (not
some friends of us)
 Michael had an argument with a neighbour of his.
 It was a good idea of yours to go to the cinema.
My own ... / your own ... etc.

something that is only mine/yours, not


shared or borrowed:

 I don't want to share a room with anybody. I want my own


room
 Vicky and George would like to have their own house
 It's a pity that the flat hasn't got its own parking space.
 It's my own fault that I've got no money. I buy too many
things I don't nee
On my own / by myself

On my own and by myself both mean


'alone'.We say:

1. I like living on my own / by myself.


2. 'Did you go on holiday on your own / by yourself?' 'Nо,
with a friend.’
3. David was sitting on his own / by himself in a corner of the
cafe.
4. Learner drivers are not allowed to drive on their own / by
themselves.
There… and It…
There…

There has no particular meaning besides the existence


of something. It is a placeholder for content placed
later in the clause. There is commonly followed by
the verb "be" or a modal. See There in Subject
Position for examples of rewording a clause
with there.
 To introduce a new topic:
1. There is a meeting this evening. It will start at
seven.
2. There has been an accident. I hope no one is
hurt.
 With an indefinite pronoun or expressions
of quantity and the to-infinitive:
1. There is nothing to do in the village.
2. There was plenty to read in the apartment
 With an indefinite pronoun or expressions
of quantity and an -ing verb:
1. There is someone waiting to see you.
2. There were a lot of
people shouting and waving.
It…
It, usually followed by the verb "be", expresses
occurrences of nature such as weather, time,
and distance. It functions in a similar way
to there. Both can hold the subject position
for content placed later in the clause. It is
singular in agreement with the verb.
 Times and dates:
1. It’s nearly one o’clock.
2. It’s my birthday.
 Weather:
1. It’s raining.
2. It’s a lovely day.
Some… and Any…
The words some and any are determiners. They
are used to modify nouns. Some and any can
be used with both countable and uncountable
nouns. They show an indefinite quantity or
number.
1. There are some mangoes on the tree. (We
don’t mention the exact number of mangoes
on the tree.)
2. I haven’t got any money.
3. She has some friends in Hong Kong.
 Some and any can be used with both
singular and plural nouns.

1. Have you got any friends?


(Here ‘any’ is used to
modify the plural noun
‘friends’.)
2. We haven’t got any oil.
(Here ‘any’ is used with the
singular uncountable noun
‘oil’.)
 Some and any are used to refer to an indefinite
quantity or number.
Use ‘some’ in affirmative sentences. We can use
some with both countable and uncountable
nouns.

Ex :
1. I need some oil.
2. There were some boys in the class.
3. I need some help.
 Use ‘any’ in negative and interrogative
sentences.
Ex:

1. She hasn’t got any friends.


2. Have you got any milk?
 Common expressions with some
include: somebody, someone, something and
somewhere. They are all used in affirmative
sentences.

Ex :
1. I need someone to help you.
 Common expressions with any
include: anybody, anyone, anything and
anywhere.They are all mainly used in
negative sentences and questions.

1. I haven’t got anything to do.


2. She hasn’t got anyone to help her.
Each and Every
We use each to refer to individual things in a group
or a list of two or more things. It is often similar in
meaning to every, but we use every to refer to a
group or list of three or more things.
Compare

Each stresses individual members


Each one takes turns cooking of a group.
dinner in the evenings. Each refers to two or more people
who share the work.

Every stresses all the members of


Everyone takes turns cooking the complete group.
dinner in the evenings. Every refers to three or more
people.
We use adverbs such as almost,
practically and nearly with every, but not
with each:
Almost every car in the car park was new.
Not: Almost each car …
Practically every house now has at least two
televisions.
Not: Practically each house …
We can use each of + pronoun or each of +
determiner + noun, but with every we must
use every one + pronoun or every one +
determiner + noun:
Each of us has a bicycle.
Every one of us has a bicycle.
Not: Every of us …
Each of the children received a special gift.
Every one of the children received a special
gift.
Not: Every of the children …
All and Whole

The words “all” and “whole” are


quantifiers. This means they indicate
aspects of quantity.
Their usage depends on the type of noun
they describe, singular or plural,
countable or uncountable.
ALL

“All (of the)” can generally be used with all types of noun,
e.g.:
Singular countable nouns
The lessor has leased all of the building.
I waited all morning for a call from London.
Plural countable nouns
They have plans to sell all or a significant portion of the
assets.
Have they paid all the invoices from 2015 yet?
Uncountable nouns
Please send us all the documentation you have on the
matter.
They have not sent us all the information we asked for.
WHOLE

“Whole (of the)” can be used with singular


countable nouns, e.g.:
The lessor has leased the whole building.
We’ve rented the whole of the 5th floor as we’re
planning to take on more staff.
.
MUCH We use much and many mostly in question
and negative. Much is used with

AND uncountable
nouns, and many is used with countable
plural
MANY nouns.
Note: We often use
much and many in
affirmative sentences
Ex: after too, as, so and
- Is there much rice left? very.
- We haven’t got much rice left.
- Has he got many books?
- He hasn’t got many books.

Ex:
- Take as much milk as you want.
- I’ve got so many jobs to do today.
- We enjoy the party very much.
- We’ve got too much milk.
In affirmative sentences, we
normally use a lot
(of), lots (of) and plenty (of), not
much and
many.

We use a lot (of), lots (of) and


plenty (of) with
both uncountable nouns and plural
nouns.

Ex: - We’ve got a lot of milk.


(Not: We’ve got much milk.)
- He’s got a lot of / plenty of books.
(Not normally: He’s got many
books.)
No and none

from English Grammar Today


No and none of are
determiners. None is a
pronoun. No, none and none of indic
ate negation.

No

We use no directly before nouns:


I’ve got no time to waste.
There are no people I recognise
here.
She says she has no friends.
None

None is the pronoun form of no. None means ‘not


one’ or ‘not any’. We use it as a pronoun to replace
countable and uncountable nouns. We use it as
subject or object:

Slorne stared … and seemed to try to find some


strength which would let her speak.
But none came. (No strength came.)
My mother had two brothers. My father
had none. (My father didn’t have any brothers.)
No one, nobody, nothing, nowhere

We use no one, nobody, nothing and nowhere to refer to


an absence of people, things or places. We use them
with a singular verb:
Nobody ever goes to see her. She’s very lonely.
You usually have to wait for a long time.
Nothing happens quickly.
There was nowhere to park the car.
We often use the plural pronoun they to refer back to
(singular) no one or nobody when we do not know if the
person is male or female:
No one remembers the titles of the books they’ve read.

No one and nobody mean the same. Nobody is a little


less formal than no one. We use no one more
than nobody in writing
Both/Neither/Either

 We use both/ neither/ either for two things. You can use  When you use both/ neither/ either + of, you always
these words with a noun (both books, neither need the... / these/ those... / my/ your/ his/ Tom's... (etc.).
book etc.). You cannot say 'both of restaurants'. You have to say 'both
For example, you are talking about going out of the restaurants', 'both of those restaurants' etc.:
to eat this evening. There are two restaurants
where you can go. You say: 1. Both of these restaurants are very good.
1. Both restaurants are very good, (not 'the 2. Neither of the restaurants we went to was (or were)
both restaurants’) expensive.
2. Neither restaurant is expensive.
3. We can go to either restaurant. I don't  You can use both of / neither of / either of + us/you/them:
mind, (either = one or the other, it 1. (talking to two people) Can either of you speak
doesn't matter which one) Spanish?
2. I asked two people the way to the station
but neither of them knew.
ALL and ALL OF

 Use all of before words like us, you, it, him, and her (i.e., pronouns). For
example:
1. All of us

 For normal nouns, just use all (instead of all of). For example:
1. All the cheese
2. All the soldiers
ALL and ALL OF

Using All and All Of


 There is often confusion over all and all of. As a very general guideline, use all of when the next
word is a pronoun (e.g., us, you, it, him, her). For example:
1. All of us...
2. All of you...
3. All of it...

 There is no need to use all of for normal nouns. You can just use all. For example:
1. All the soldiers...
2. All the nurses...
MOST VS MOST OFF
 In general, if you are talking about a large, general group, you should use most.
1. Most people know how to ride a bike.
2. Most doctors earn a lot of money.

 If you are talking about a smaller, more specific group, you should use most of.
1. Most of the people in this neighborhood are married.
2. Most of the doctors at this hospital earn a lot of money.

 Grammatically, most is not followed by a determiner (a, the, this, etc.); you should use most of. If no
determiner is used, just use most.
1. Most of people like chocolate. (no determiner, so don’t use of)
2. I like most of fruits. (no determiner, so don’t use of)
3. Most of my friends like movies. (my is a determiner, so you should use of)
4. I want to see most of the movies playing at the theater right now. (the is a determiner, so you should
use of)
Both, Neither .We use both/ neither/ either for two
things. You can use these words with a
noun (both books, neither book etc.).
/Either For example, you are talking about going
out to eat this evening. There are two
restaurants where you can go. You say:

• Both restaurants are very good, (not 'the


both restaurants')
• Neither restaurant is expensive.
• We can go to either restaurant. I don't
mind, (either = one or the other, it doesn't
matter which one)
Thank you

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