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• PRECIPITATION
– IS ANY PRODUCT OF CONDENSATION OF ATMOSPHERIC WATER
FALLS UNDER GRAVITY
COLORLESS DROPLETS
SNOWFLAKES
FORMS OF PRECIPITATION
RAIN (>0.5 mm diameter)
• is the most common type
of precipitation in our
atmosphere
• There are two diffrent
forms of rain, either
in the form of
For rate of fall
•showers
Showers - are heavy, large
drops of rain and usually only
•drizzle
Light - up to2.5 mm/hr last a period of time
Moderate - from 2.8 to 7.6 mm/hr
Heavy - Over 7.6 mm/hr
Drizzle - however usually last
longer and are made up of
MIST/DRIZZLE
• Convective Precipitation
• Orographic Precipitation
Cyclonic Precipitation
(Frontal/Non Frontal)
• Frontal precipitation results from the leading
edge(front) of a warm air mass meets a cool air mass.
The warmer air mass is forced up over the cool air. As
it rises the warm air cools, moisture in the air
condensation, that results to clouds and precipitation.
Convective Precipitation
• Amount of precipitation
• Intensity of precipitation
• Duration of precipitation
• Rain Gauges
•Snow Gauges
•Radars
•Satellites
•Scratching of Snow packs
•Water Equivalent in Sow packs
RAIN GAGES
• Rain gages are most commonly used for the
measurement of precipitation, both in terms
of rain fall and snow.
There are two main types of Rain gages which are
used to measure the precipitation. These are;
• a weather satellite is a
type of satellite that is
primarily used to monitor
the weather and climate
of the Earth. These
meteorogical satellites,
however, see more than
clouds and cloud systems,
like other types of
environmental information
collected using weather
satellites.
Interpretation of Precipitation Data
where:
Pm = precipitation at the missing location
Pi = precipitationcat the index station 1
N = number of rain gauges
Normal ratio method (NRM)
• In the normal ratio method, the rainfall PA at station
A is estimated as a function of the normal monthly or
annual rainfall of the station under question and those
of the neighboring stations for the period of missing
data at the station nunder question.
NR
A
il
P I
NR I
P A
n
where;
Pi = is the rainfall at surrounding stations
NRA = is the normal monthly or seasonal rainfall atstation A
NRi = is the normal monthly or seasonal rainfall at station i, and
n = is the number of surrounding stations whose data are used for
estimation.
Checking inconsistency in a
particular data record at a
station.
• By a technique called Double Mass Curve
Analysis
It is the amount of
precipitation which can be assumed
uniform over an area. If the
average precipitation over an area
is known than total rain, volume
of water can be computed for that
avg.
area.
Rain volume = P × A
There are some widely used methods to
compute average precipitation over an area, but
the most common of these used are:
• Arithmetic Method
• Theissen polygon method
• Isohytal method
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