Chapter 2 Body Coordination.

Topic 2 Body Coordination
2.1 Body Coordination

Koordinasi Badan
ITeach – Science Form 4

Body Coordination
Body Coordination
Is a process where various parts of body work together to produce an

appropriate response to the changes around us that are called stimuli.
Body Coordination
Controlled by
Nervous system Endocrine system

Bab 2 Koordinasi Badan
Koordinasi Badan
Koordinasi Badan
Adalah satu proses di mana pelbagai bahagian badan berkerjasama dalam

memberi tindak balas terhadap perubahan di sekeliling tubuh yang dikenali
sebagai rangsangan.
Koordinasi Badan
Dikawal oleh
Sistem Saraf Sistem Endokrin
ITeach – Sains Tingkatan 4

Body Coordination
The Important of Body Coordination
 Enable our body to respond to changes in our surrounding.
 Avoid situition and protect our body from injuries.
 Coordinates all body activities to regulate appropriate responses to

the changes.

Koordinasi Badan
Kepentingan Koordinasi Badan
 membenarkan badan menyesuaikan diri dengan perubahan sekitar.
 Mengelakkan dan melindungi tubuh badan daripada kecederaan.
 menyelaras aktiviti badan bagi membolehkannya bertindak balas

dengan perubahan sekitar.

The Human Nervous System
Stimulus And Response
Change in the internal or external environment.

Stimulus
Example : change in light, heat, sound, pressure, touch.
Response Process that promotes action
Body
Stimulus Response
coordination
Example
Stimulus Response
Coordination
Our hand accidentally Our hand quickly draw
centre
touch a hot iron away from the hot iron
Important
This is to protect the
hand from injures.

Koordinasi Badan
Rangsangan Dan Tindak Balas
Perubahan pada persekitaran dalam atau luar.

Rangsangan
Contoh : perubahan haba, tekanan, sentuhan, bunyi, cahaya.
Tindak Balas Proses yang mencetuskan tindakan.
Rangsangan Koordinasi Badan Tindak Balas
Contoh
Rangsangan Tindak balas

Tangan tersentuh Pusat Koordinasi Tangan akan menjauhi
seterika panas. seterika dengan segera.
Kepentingan
Mengelakkan tangan
dari tercedera.

2.2 The Human Nervous System

Sistem Saraf Manusia

Human Nervous System
Brain
Cranial
Central nerves Somatic
nervous Spinal nervous
system Spinal nerves system
Peripheral
cord nervous system
Autonomic
nervous system
(join to internal
organ)

Otak
Saraf
kranium Sistem
Sistem saraf
Saraf saraf
pusat
Saraf spina soma
Sistem saraf
tunjang periferi
Sistem saraf
autonomi
(berhubung
dengan organ
dalaman)


Central Nervous System
Receives information from sensory organs, interprets and send to concern

organs to respond accordingly.
Brain Spinal cord
 protected by the skull / cranium.  Protected by the backbone.
 made up of grey matter (outer  Consists of relay neurons.

layer) and white matter (inner
layer) which consist of neurons.  Carries impulses to and from the
brain.
 controls all the body activities.
 Controls reflex action.
Skull
Brain Spinal cord

Sistem Saraf Pusat
Menerima maklumat daripada organ deria, mentafsir, dan menghantar

maklumat ke organ motor untuk melakukan tindakan yang sesuai.
Otak Saraf tunjang
 Dilindungi oleh tulang tengkorak/  Dilindungi oleh tulang belakang.

kranium.
 Terdiri daripada neuron
 Terdiri daripada berjuta-juta
perantaraan.
neuron.
 Membawa impuls ke dan dari
 Terbahagi kepada jirim kelabu
otak.
(lapisan luaran) dan jirim putih
(lapisan dalaman).  Mengawal tindakan refleks.
 Mengawal semua aktitivi badan.
Saraf tunjang
Tengkorak
Otak

Peripheral Nervous System
Cranial nerves Spinal nerves

31 pairs that originate from the spinal
12 pairs that originate from the brain
cord and connect to sense organs and
and connect to sense organs in head
effectors in the whole body, hand and
and neck.
legs.
Eye Cranial nerves Spinal cord
Spinal
nerves Muscle Skin
Nerve
fibres
(axons)

Sistem Saraf Periferi
Saraf kranium Saraf spina

31 pasang yang berasal dari saraf
12 pasang saraf yang berasal dari otak
tunjang dan bersambung dengan
dan bersambung dengan organ deria
bahagian lain dalam badan seperti
di kepala dan leher.
tangan dan kaki.
Mata Saraf kranium Saraf tunjang

Saraf
spina Otot Kulit
Neuron
(akson)

Neurone
Basic function unit of the nervous system.
To carry nerve impulses
Nucleus
Cell body
Ranvier node
Dendrons
Myelin Axon
Dendrites
sheath

Neuron
Unit fungsi asas sistem saraf.
Membawa impuls saraf.
Nukleus
Badan sel
Nodus Ranvier
Dendron
Salut Akson
Dendrit
Meilin

Part Of The Neurone And Its Function
Part of neurone Function
Cell body Control all the activities of neurones.
Dendrite Receive impulses and transmits to dendron.
Dendron Receives impulse and transmits to cell body.
Atom Transmits impulse out of the cell body.
Thick layer of fatty substance along axon to prevent leakage

Myelin sheath
of impulses. It increases the speed of impulse transmission.
Ranvier node Help to speed up the transmission of impulse.

Bahagian-bahagian pada Neuron Dan Fungsinya
Bahagian neuron Fungsi
Badan sel Mengawal semua aktiviti neuron.
Dendrit Menerima dan menghantar impuls ke dendron.
Dendron Menerima dan menghantar impuls ke badan sel.
Akson Menghantar impuls keluar dari badan sel.
Melindungi akson dan dendron serta mencepatkan

Salut Meilin
penghantaran impuls.
Nodus Ranvier Membantu mempercepat penghantaran impuls.

Three Type Of Neurones
Sensory Relay Motor

Neurones Neurones Neurones

Tiga Jenis Neuron
Neuron
Neuron deria Neuron motor
perantaraan

Sensory Neurones
Cell body
Myelin sheath
Direction
of impulse
Dendrite
Dendron
Ranvier Axon
Receptor
node
(sensory organ)
 Carry impulse from receptors (sensory organs) to the central nervous system
 Cell body at the side of the nerve.
 Dendron is longer than the axon.

Neuron Deria
Badan sel
Salut Meilin
Arah impuls
Dendrit
Dendron
Nodus Ranvier Akson
Reseptor
(organ deria)
 Menghantar impuls dari reseptor (organ deria) ke sistem saraf pusat.
 Badan sel di bahagian tepi neuron.
 Dendron lebih panjang daripada akson.

Relay Neurones
Direction of impulse
Cell body
Dendron
Axon
Dendrite
 Connect sensory neurones and motor neurones.

 Located in the central nervous system.
 Cell body at the central of nerve.
 Axons and dendron extending from cell body.

Neuron Perantaraan
Arah impuls
Badan sel
Dendron
Akson
Dendrit
 Menghubungkan neuron deria dengan neuron motor.

 Terdapat dalam sistem saraf pusat.
 Badan sel berada di pusat neuron.
 Akson and dendron memperluas dari badan sel.

Motor Neurones
Cell body
Effector
Dendrite Ranvier node (muscles or
Myelin sheath
axon glands)
Direction of impulse
Dendron
 Carry impulses from central nervous system to muscles and glands

(effectors) in the body.
 Cell body at the end of the nerve.
 Axon is longer than the axon.

Neuron Motor
Badan sel
Efektor
Dendrit Nodus Ranvier (otot atau
Salut Meilin
Akson kelenjar)
Arah impuls
Dendron
 Menghantar impuls dari sistem saraf pusat ke otot atau kelenjar (efektor)
dalam badan.
 Badan sel berada pada hujung neuron.
 Akson lebih panjang daripada dendron.

2.3 Nervous Coordination

Koordinasi Saraf

Nervous Coordination
Nerve impulse is a message conveyed along in the form of a weak
electrical pulse
Any changes that Sensory that

Transmit impulse
occur inside and detect stimuli and
to central nervous
outside of the convert it into
system
human body. electrical impulses
Sensory
Stimulus Receptors
neurones
Brain and
spinal
Central integrate
nervous system the
information.
Response Effector Motor neurones
Appropriate action
Muscles or glands Transmit impulse to
taken toward the
that respond the effectors
stimulus.

Koordinasi Saraf
Koordinasi Saraf
Impuls saraf adalah mesej yang disampaikan dalam bentuk denyut
elektrik yang lemah.
Sebarang Organ deria yang
perubahan yang mengesan dan Menghantar impuls
berlaku di dalam menukar ke sistem saraf
atau di luar badan rangsangan kepada pusat.
manusia. impuls elektrik. Otak dan saraf
tunjang
Rangsangan Reseptor Neuron deria mengintegrasi-
kan maklumat.
Sistem saraf
pusat
Tindak balas Efektor Neuron motor
Tindakan yang
Otot atau kelenjar
sesuai dengan Menghantar impuls
yang akan
rangsangan ke efektor.
bertindak balas.
dilakukan.
The pathway of the nerve impulse of a student to copy note from

the white board
4. The brain interprets the
3. The nervous impulses
impulses from many relay
pass to relay neurones
neurones and you realise
in the brain
that the phone is ringing.
Your brain also decides
Sensory that you should copy the
neurone notes.
2. Receptors trigger Motor neurone
nerve impulses in 5. Impulses travel along motor
Relay
sensory neurones. neurones to the muscles
neurone
Muscles in the arm
Receptor in
the eye 6. Muscles in the arm carry out
1. Receptor in the eyes
the response and you take a
see the notes on the
pen and paper to copy the
blackboard.
note.

Koordinasi Saraf
Koordinasi Saraf
Perjalanan impuls saraf bagi seorang pelajar yang menyalin nota

dari papan putih.
3. Impuls saraf dihantar ke

4. Otak mentafsir impuls
neuron perantaraan
saraf dari neuron
Neuron dalam otak.
perantaraan dan memberi
perantaraan arahan supaya nota
disalin.
Neuron deria
2. Reseptor mencetus Neuron motor
impuls saraf dalam 5. Neuron motor menghantar
neuron deria. impuls ke otot.
Reseptor Otot dalam lengan

dalam mata
6. Otot dalam lengan menerima
1. Reseptor dalam mata
arahan lalu mengambil pen
melihat nota pada
dan kertas untuk menyalin
papan putih.
nota.

Reflex Action
A reflex action is an immediate and automatic response toward a stimulus

without any conscious control.
Reflex action is involuntary.
The path taken by an impulse in reflex action is called reflex arc.
Sensory
Stimulus Receptors Synapse
neurones
Relay neurone in
spinal cord
Response Effector Motor neurones Synapse
Important of reflex action

Protect us from serious injuries or dangerous situation.

Koordinasi Saraf
Tindakan Refleks
Tindakan refleks adalah suatu gerak balas segera dan automatik terhadap
sesuatu rangsangan luar tanpa kawalan otak.
Tindakan refleks adalah di luar kawalan.
Laluan yang dilintasi oleh impuls dalam tindakan refleks dikenali sebagai arka
refleks.
Rangsangan Reseptor Neuron deria Sinaps
Neuron perantaraan
dalam saraf tunjang
Tindak balas Efektor Neuron motor Sinaps
Kepentingan tindakan refleks

Melindingi kita daripada tercedera atau keadaan bahaya.

Reflex Action
Reflex Action
Example Of Reflex Action
i. Reflex arc in a human knee- ii. Reflex arc when a hand

jerk touches a hot object
iii. Blinking the eyes when sand

is blown by wind.

Koordinasi Saraf
Tindakan Refleks
Tindakan Refleks
Contoh Tindakan Refleks
i. Arka tindakan refleks semasa ii. Tindakan refleks semasa

sentakan lutut tangan tersentuh objek panas
iii. Mengerdipkan mata apabila

pasir ditiup oleh angin

2.4 The Role Of Proprioceptors In Maintaining Balance

And Coordination
Peranan Reseptor Regang Dalam Mengekalkan
Keseimbangan Dan Koordinasi

The Role Of Proprioceptors In Maintaining Balance And Coordination
Proprioceptors
 Proprioceptors are sense organs / receptors that are connected to sensory

neurones.
 Proprioceptors are found in muscles, tendons, Iigaments, and vestibular in
the inner ear.
Proprioceptors
Proprioceptors in the
muscle spindles,
tendons and ligament
Prioprioceptor Muscle fibre

Proprioceptor in the
Nerve inner ear
ending Semicircular
Tendon canals
Muscle
spindle
Ligament
Reseptor Regang
Reseptor Regang
 Reseptor regang adalah reseptor/ organ deria yang dihubungkan kepada
neuron deria.
 Reseptor regang terdapat di dalam otot, tendon, ligamen, dan vestibular di
dalam telinga.
Reseptor regang
Reseptor di otot, tendon

dan ligamen
Reseptor regang Gentian otot Reseptor regang di

Hujung saraf telinga dalam
Salur separuh
Tendon bulat
Otot
Ligamen
The Role Of Proprioceptors In Maintaining

Balance And Coordination
Proprioceptors respond to the changes, movement, pressure

and stretching felt within the body.
Impulses are then initiated and sent to the brain to be

interpreted.
Impulses are transmitted back to body part muscle that is

stimulated for coordination.
Proprioceptors play an important role in kinaesthesis
Kinaesthesis is a sense that allow us to be aware of the

position of our body to maintain balance and detect the
body movement.

Reseptor Regang
Peranan Reseptor Regang
Reseptor regang bergerak balas terhadap perubahan,

pergerakan, tekanan dan regangan.
Impuls yang tercetus dihantar ke otak untuk ditafsirkan.
Impuls dihantar balik ke bahagian otot yang dirangsang

supaya penyelarasan dilakukan.
Reseptor regang penting dalam kinestesis.
Kinestesis adalah deria yang membantu kita mengesan

kedudukan dan pergerakan anggota badan demi menjaga
keseimbangan badan.

Walking in
Riding bicycle Playing piono Dancing
tight rope
Activities Involved Kinaesthesis
Using hand to
determine the heavier Tiding shoe lace Changing clothes in the
object between two
objects without seeing without looking at it dark
it

Reseptor Regang
Menunggang Berjalan di
Main piano Menari
basikal atas tali
Contoh Penggunaan Reseptor

Regang
Menggunakan tangan
untuk menentukan Mengikat tali kasut Menukar baju dalam
berat di antara dua
objek tanpa melihat tanpa melihat keadaan gelap
objek.

2.5 The Human Brain

Otak Manusia

The Human Brain

Human Brain
Medulla oblongata
Cerebrum •
At the bottom part of brain and
connected to the spinal cord.
• Controls involuntary action such as
Cerebellum heart beat.
• Coordinates reflex action such as
Medulla oblongata
coughing, vomiting.
Cerebrum Cerebellum
• Consist of two hemispheres. • Below and behind cerebrum.
• Biggest part of brain. • Two hemispheres and is folded.
• Made up of grey matter which is • Controls body balance .
highly folded to increase surface area
• Maintain posture.
and store more neurone.
• Controls mental, sensory and • Coordinates all body movement such
voluntary action. as cycling.

Otak Manusia
Otak Manusia
Medula oblongata
Serebrum • Terletak di bawah serebrum dan
bersambung dengan saraf tunjang.
• Mengawal aktiviti luar kawal seperti
Serebelum denyutan jantung.
• Mengawal tindakan refleks seperti
Medula oblongata
batuk dan muntah.
Serebrum Serebelum
• Terdiri daripada dua hemisfera. • Terletak di bawah dan belakang
• Bahagian otak yang paling besar. serebrum.
• Terdiri daripada jirim kelabu yang • Dua hemisfera yang berlipat-lipat.
berlipat-lipat untuk menambahkan • Mengawal keseimbangan badan.
luas permukaan dan menyimpan
lebih banyak neuron. • Mengekalkan postur badan.
• Mengawal pemikiran dan ingatan, • Menyelaraskan pergerakan seperti
aktiviti terkawal, serta deria. menunggang basikal.

The Human Brain

The Specific Parts Of The Human Brain And Its
Effect Of Injuries
Memory : Thinking, learning,

Motor centre : Paralysis
loss of memory
Sense in skin and muscle :

Speech : Unable to interpret stimuli
Dumb from the skin
Smell and taste :

Unable to taste Vision :
Partially or completely blind.
Medulla oblongata
Hearing :
Explanation Partially or completely deaf.

Otak Manusia
Bahagian-bahagian Otak Dan Kesan Mengalami
Kecederaan
Ingatan:
Pusat motor :
Berfikir, belajar, kehilangan
Kelumpuhan
ingatan
Deria pada kulit dan otot:
Pertuturan: Hilang upaya mengesan
Bisu rangsangan di kulit
Deria bau dan rasa:

Penglihatan :
Hilang upaya merasa
Sebahagian atau seluruhnya
buta
Medula oblongata
Pendengaran :
Penjelasan Sebahagian atau seluruhnya
pekak

The Human Brain
Voluntary And Involving Action

Voluntary And Involving Action
Similarities : both involve centre nervous
system and peripheral nervous system
Voluntary Involuntary
Control by Cerebrum Medulla oblongata
Awareness
Yes No
during activities
Action can be
Yes No
controlled
Involves somatic nervous Involves automatic nervous
Impulses
system system
Speed of Can be slower down or
Fast
response speeded up
 Writing  Dancing  Heartbeat

Example  Singing  Constriction of pupil
 Excretion

Otak Manusia
Tindakan Terkawal Dan Tindakan Luar Kawal

Tindakan Terkawal Dan Tindakan Luar Kawal
Persamaan : melibatkan sistem saraf pusat
dan sistem saraf periferi
Terkawal Luar Kawal
Dikawal oleh serebrum Dikawal oleh medula oblongata
Melakukan aktiviti yang disedari Melakukan aktiviti tanpa disedari
Aktiviti boleh dikawal Aktiviti tidak boleh dikawal
Melibatkan sistem saraf soma Melibatkan sistem saraf autonomi
Kadar tindak balas boleh dipercepat

Kadar tindak balas adalah cepat
atau diperlahan
 Menulis  Denyutan jantung
 Menari  Peristalsis
 Menyanyi  Perkumuhan

2.6 Hormonal Coordination In The Body

Koordinasi Hormon Dalam Badan

Hormonal Coordination In The Body
Hormonal coordination or chemical coordination involves endocrine glands

and their secretions of hormones.
Hormones
secreted by
Endocrine glands
Pituitary Thyroid Adrenal

Pancreas Ovary Testis
glands gland glands

Koordinasi Hormon
Koordinasi Hormon
Koordinasi hormon atau koordinasi kimia melibatkan kelenjar endokrin yang

merembeskan hormon.
Hormon
Dirembes oleh
Kelenjar endokrin
Kelenjar Kelenjar Kelenjar

Pankreas Ovari Testis
Pituitari Tiroid Adrenal

Hormone
 Hormones are chemical substances secreted by the

endocrine gland directly into the bloodstream.
 A kind of protons.
 Secreted in small quantities.
 Has specified effect on target organ.
 slow to respond but the response lasts long.

Koordinasi Hormon
Hormon
 Hormon adalah bahan kimia yang dirembes oleh kelenjar

endokrin terus ke dalam aliran darah.
 Merupakan sejenis protein.
 Dirembeskan dalam kuantiti yang sedikit.
 Memberi kesan yang khusus terhadap organ sasaran.
 Bergerak balas lambat tetapi gerak balas kekal lama.

Endocrine Gland
Endocrine gland is a ductless gland that secretes

hormone directly into the bloodstream.
Endocrine
hormone gland
bloodstream
Blood vessel

Koordinasi Hormon
Kelenjar Endokrin
Kelenjar endokrin adalah kelenjar tanpa duktus yang

merembes hormon terus ke dalam aliran darah.
Kelenjar
Hormon endokrin
Aliran darah
Salur darah

Endocrine System
Consists of endocrine glands and their secretions of hormone.
Response to stimuli
from internal and Endocrine Glands Ductless glands
external environment.
secrete
Effect is
long
Small amount lasting
Hormones
Directly into
Slow to
Kind of proteins bloodstream
respond
Specific target organs in
another part of body.

Koordinasi Hormon
Sistem Endokrin
Terdiri daripada kelenjar endokrin yang merembeskan hormon
Bergerak balas terhadap

rangsangan dari dalam Kelenjar Endokrin Kelenjar tanpa duktus
dan luar.
merembes
Tindak
balas
Kuantiti sedikit kekal
Hormon lama
Terus ke dalam Tindak

Sejenis Protein aliran darah balas
lambat
Organ sasaran spesifik di
bahagian badan lain.

Main Endocrine Glands In Human Body
At the base of the

Pituitary gland
cerebrum gland.
lies in the neck region

Pituitary Thyroid gland
gland
in front of trachea.
Thyroid
gland Adrenal gland above the kidneys.
Female
Adrenal
gland
Pancreas below the stomach.
Pancreas
Ovary
Male Ovary in the abdomen.
Testis
Testis protected by scrotum.

Koordinasi Hormon
Kelenjar Endokrin Utama Dalam Badan Manusia
Terletak di bahagian
Kelenjar
bawah kelenjar
Pituitari
serebrum.
Terletak di kawasan
Kelenjar Kelenjar Tiroid leher di hadapan
Pituitari trakea.
Kelenjar
Tiroid Kelenjar
Terletak di atas ginjal.
Adrenal
perempuan
Kelenjar
Adrenal Terletak di bawah
Pankreas
Pankreas
perut.
Ovari
lelaki Terletak di dalam
Ovari
Testis abdomen.
Dilindingi oleh
Testis
skrotum.

Pituitary
Main gland because it

Gland Pituitary stimulates other
endocrine glands.
Secrete
Antidiuretic hormone
Hormone Growth hormone
(ADH)
To control water
Stimulates growth of
Function absorption from the
muscles and bones
kidneys.
 Kidney absorbs a lot of water

Excessive Hormonal
 Gigantism causing urine to be in a small
Secretions
quantity and concentrated.
 Less water is absorbed by the

Deficient Hormonal  Dwarfism kidney causing urine to be in
Secretion
large quantity and dilute.

Koordinasi Hormon
Pituitari
Kelenjar utama kerana

Kelenjar Pituitari ia merangsang kelenjar
endokrin yang lain.
merembes
Hormon Hormon Antidiuretik
Hormon
Pertumbuhan (ADH)
Merangsang Mengawal
Fungsi pertumbuhan otot dan penyerapan air dari
tulang. ginjal.
 Lebih air diserap di ginjal

Berlebihan hormon  Kegergasian menyebabkan urin yang
sedikit dan pekat dihasilkan.
 Kurang air diserap di ginjal

 Pertumbuhan
Kekurangan hormon menyebabkan urin yang
terbantut
banyak dan cair dihasilkan.

Thyroid
Gland Thyroid
Secrete
Hormone Thryoxine
Controls the body’s Control mental

Function metabolic rate and development in
stimulates growth. children.
 Metabolic rate
increases, heart-beat
Excessive
accelerate, blood  Sweating  Protruding
Hormonal
pressure and body occur. eyeballs
Secretions
temperature
increases.
Deficient  Metabolic  Stunted physical and

 Causes
Hormonal rate become retarded mental
goitre.
Secretion slow. development in children.

Koordinasi Hormon
Kelenjar Tiroid
Kelenjar Tiroid
Merembes
Hormon Tiroksin
Mengawal kadar Mengawal

metabolisme dan perkembangan
Fungsi
merangsang minda kanak-
pertumbuhan. kanak.
 Kadar metabolisme
tinggi, denyutan
Berlebihan  Banyak  Bebola mata
jangtung laju, tekanan
hormon berpeluh. menonjol.
darah dan suhu badan
meningkat.
 Pertumbuhan terbantut
 Kadar
Kekurangan dan perkembangan minda
metabolisme  Goiter.
hormon terencat di kalangan
rendah.
kanak-kanak.


Pancreas
Controls blood
Gland Pancreas
sugar level.
Secrete
Hormone Insulin Glucagon
 Converts glucose to  Converts glycogen to

glycogen in the liver. glucose in the liver.
Function  Controls blood sugar
level  Increases blood sugar
 Decreases blood sugar level.
level.
 Blood sugar level drop,
Excessive Hormonal
which may lead to shock
Secretions
and coma.
 Blood sugar level
increases in blood and
Deficient Hormonal
urine.
Secretion
 May cause diabetes
mellitus.
Koordinasi Hormon
Pankreas
Mengawal aras
Kelenjar Pankreas
glukosa dalam darah.
Merembes
Hormon Insulin Glukagon
 Menukar glukosa ke  Menukar glikogen ke

glikogen dalam hati. glukosa dalam hati.
 Mengawal aras gukosa  Mengawal aras gukosa
Fungsi
dalam darah. dalam darah.
 Menurunkan aras  Menaikkan aras glukosa
glukosa dalam darah. dalam darah.
 Aras glukosa dalam
Berlebihan hormon darah menurun dan
menyebabkan koma.
 Aras glukosa dalam

darah meningkat dan
Kekurangan hormon
menyebabkan penyakit
kencing manis.
Adrenal
Gland Adrenal
Secrete
Hormone Adrenaline
 Increase the  Increases

 Prepare
Function rate of breathing blood glucose
muscle action.
and heartbeat. concentrations
Excessive  Blood sugar level and salt

Hormonal  Blood pressure increases. concentration in blood
Secretions increases.
Deficient
 Lack of ability to
Hormonal  Muscle become weak.
overcome stress.
Secretion

Koordinasi Hormon
Kelenjar Adrenal
Kelenjar Adrenal
Merembes
Hormon Adrenalin
 Menaikkan kadar  Menaikkan

pernafasan dan kepekatan  Menyediakan
Fungsi
denyutan glukosa dalam tindakan otot.
jantung. darah.
 Kandungan glukosa dan

Berlebihan
 Menaikkan tekanan darah. garam dalam darah
hormon
meningkat.
Kekurangan  Kurang upaya mengatasi

 Otot menjadi lemah.
hormon tekanan.

Ovary
Gland Ovary
Secrete
Hormone Oestrogen
 Stimulates
 Controls  Prepares
female’s
Function menstrual uterus lining
secondary sex
cycle. for pregnancy.
characteristics.
Excessive
Hormonal  Extreme feminine characteristics.
Secretions
 Incomplete
Deficient  Menstrual development of
Hormonal  Infertility. cycle secondary sex
Secretion interrupted. characteristics in
females.

Koordinasi Hormon
Ovari
Kelenjar Ovari
Merembes
Hormon Estrogen
 Merangsang
perkembangan  Menyediakan
 Mengawal
Fungsi ciri-ciri seks uterus untunk
kitaran haid.
sekunder kehamilan.
perempuan.
Berlebihan
 Berlebihan ciri-ciri kewanitaan.
hormon
 Ketidaksempurnaan
Kekurangan  Ketidak-  Kitar haid perkembangan ciri-ciri
hormon suburan terjejas. seks sekunder
perempuan.

Progesterone
Gland Progesterone
Secrete
Hormone Progesterone
 Stimulates development of  Prevent contraction of

Function milk gland during uterus in pregnant woman
pregnancy. to avoid a miscarriage.
Excessive
Hormonal -
Secretions
Deficient  Miscarriage
Hormonal  Menstrual problems
Secretion

Koordinasi Hormon
Progesteron
Kelenjar Progesteron
Merembes
Hormon Progesteron
 Mengelakkan pengecutan
 Merangsang
uterus semasa kehamilan
Fungsi perkembangan kelenjar
bagi mencegah
susu semasa kehamilan.
keguguran.
Berlebihan
-
hormon
Kekurangan  Keguguran  Masalah kitaran haid

hormon

Testis
Gland Testis
Secrete
Hormone Testosterone
 Control males secondary  Stimulates the production

Function
sex characteristic. of sperms.
Excessive
Hormonal  Extreme masculine characteristic
Secretions
Deficient  Incomplete development

Hormonal of secondary sex  Low sperms count.
Secretion characteristics in males.

Koordinasi Hormon
Testis
Kelenjar Testis
Merembes
Hormon Testosteron
 Mengawal perkembangan
 Merangsang penghasilan
Fungsi ciri-ciri seks sekunder
sperma.
lelaki.
Berlebihan
 Berlebihan ciri-ciri kelelakian.
hormon
Kekurangan  Jumlah sperma
perkembangan ciri-ciri
hormon berkurang.
seks sekunder lelaki.

2.7 Coordination Between The Nervous System And The

Endocrine System
Koordinasi Antara Sistem Saraf Dengan Sistem
Endokrin

Coordination Between The Nervous System And The Endocrine System
Similarities Between Nervous Coordination And

Endocrine Coordination
 To control and regulate activities of organs in the

body.
 Ensure survival of life.

Koordinasi Antara Sistem Saraf Dengan Sistem Endokrin
Persamaan Antara Koordinasi Saraf Dengan Koordinasi

Endokrin
 Untuk mengawal atur dan menyelaras aktiviti

organ dalam badan.
 Menjamin kemandirian hidup.


Differences Between
Nervous Coordination And Endocrine Coordination
Nervous Coordination Endocrine Coordination
 brain, spinal cord and  endocrine glands and

Consists of
neurones (nerves) hormone
 chemicals called
 electrical impulses
Form of impulse hormones through
through nerves
bloodstream
Speed of
 fast  slow
transmission
 widespread and
 specific organ or
Affected area covers the whole
gland
body
Effect  temporary  long-lasting
 immediate and short-

Response  slow and long-lasting
lived

Perbezaan Antara Koordinasi Saraf

Dengan Koordinasi Endokrin
Koordinasi saraf Koordinasi endokrin
 Otak, saraf tunjang dan  Kelenjar endokrin dan

Terdiri daripada
neuron (saraf) hormon
 Bahan kimia yang
 Impuls elektrik melalui
Jenis impuls dikenali sebagai hormon
saraf
melalui aliran darah
Kelajuan
 Cepat  Perlahan
penghantaran
Kawasan yang  Organ atau kelenjar  Meluas dan merangkumi

terjejas spesifik seluruh badan
Kesan  Tidak kekal lama  Kekal lama
 Perlahan dan
Tindak balas  Cepat dan sementara
berkekalan

Importance Of Coordination
Between Nervous System
And Endocrine System
 Both nervous system and endocrine

system can detect changes in the
environment simultaneosly
 Both system respond in their own way to

bring about appropriate reaction.
 This enable our body’s function such as

physical, chemical and physiological
responses occur at their optimum level.

Kepentingan Koordinasi
Antara Sistem Saraf
Dengan Sistem Endokrin
 Kedua-dua sistem saraf dan sistem

endokrin mengesan perubahan
persekitaran secara serentak.
 Kedua-dua sistem bergerak balas

terhadap rangsangan dengan cara
tersendiri.
 Membolehkan fungsi badan mencapai

optimum dari segi tindak balas fizikal,
kimia dan fisiologi.


Example Of The Coordination Between The Nerous System And The
Endocrine System In Rsponse To A Specific Stimulus (Fright And Flight)
 Stimulus = Source of danger (House on Five)
 Receptor = Sense of organ (Ear, Eye, Nose)

Impulse is sent to
Parts of body
Effect of hormonal system Effect of nervous system
affected
Interpret the impulse and send to
1. Brain Blood supply to brain increases
receptive organs
2. Adrenal Secretes adrenaline and transmit Impulse sent through autonomic
gland through bloodstream. nervous system.
Heart rate increases to supply more
Medulla oblongata controls involuntary
3. Heart blood and oxygen to every parts of
action to increase heartbeat rate.
body
Bronchioles dilate to increase Medulla oblongata controls involuntary
4. Lungs
breathing rate to intake more oxygen. action to increase breathing rate.
Secretes glucagon to convert
5. Liver
glycogen to glucose.
-
Blood supply increases to supply Impulse receive by muscle, causing it to
6. Muscle
more energy to muscle. contract to do action.
Response – Run away from danger / call for help!


Contoh Koordinasi Antara Sistem Saraf Dengan Sistem Endokrin Terhadap
Rangsangan Tertentu (Fright And Flight)
 Rangsangan = Sumber kecemasan (Rumah terbakar)
 Reseptor = Organ deria (Telinga, mata,hidung)

Impuls dihantar ke
Bahagian Sistem endokrin Sistem saraf
Mentafsir dan menghantar impuls ke
1. Otak Peningkatan bekalan darah ke otak
organ tertentu
2. Kelenjar Hormon adrenalin dirembes dan Impuls dihantar melalui sistem saraf
Adrenal dihantar melalui aliran darah autonomi
Kadar denyutan jantung bertambah Aktiviti luar kawal dikawal oleh medula
3. Jantung untuk membekal lebih banyak darah dan oblongata bagi meningkatkan kadar
oksigen kepada seluruh badan denyutan jantung
Bronkiol memperluas untuk menaikkan Aktiviti luar kawal dikawal oleh medula
4. Peparu kadar pernafasan dan mengambil masuk oblongata bagi meningkatkan kadar
lebih oksigen pernafasan
Glukagon dirembes bagi menukar
5. Hati
glikogen ke glukosa
-
Peningkatan bekalan darah bagi
Otot menerima impuls lalu mengecut dan
6. Otot membekal lebih banyak tenaga kepada
bertindak
otot
Tindak balas – Melarikan diri / Minta tolong
2.8 Effects Of Drug Abuse On Body Coordination And

Health
Kesan Penyalahgunaan Dadah Terhadap Koordinasi
Badan Dan Kesihatan

Effect Of Drug Abuse On Body Coordination Health
Drugs
chemical substance that can influence the function of

the nervous system
Beneficial Of Drug
Beneficial Of Drug
Antibiotics Pamkiller Steriod
• Use to treat diseases • Use to relieve pain. • To treat disease under

cause by bacteria. doctor’s prescription.
• Example :
• Eexample : Penicillin Paracetamol Aspirin

Kesan Penyalahgunaan Dadah Terhadap Koordinasi Badan Dan Kesihatan
Dadah
Bahan kimia yang mempengaruhi fungsi sistem saraf
Kebaikan dadah
Kebaikan dadah
Antibiotik Ubat menahan sakit Steriod

• Untuk merawat • Untuk melegakan • Untuk merawat
penyakit yang kesakitan. penyakit dengan
disebabkan oleh • Contoh : Parasetamol adanya preskripsi
bakteria. dan Aspirin doktor.
• Contoh : Penicillin

Drug Abuse And Its Effect On Body Coordination
Drug abuse is the taking of drug excessively not for medical

purposes.
Stimulation
 Brain becomes active.
 Increase metabolic rate.
 Becomes active, cannot sleep and
aggresive.
Effects Of Drug Abuse On

Body Coordination
Slow down body response Hallucination

 Slow down response to stimuli.  Affect the function of brain.
 Poor muscular coordination.  Wrong perception of distance,
 Feel sleepy and less aware of his space and time.
surrounding.


Penyalahgunaan Dadah Dan Kesannya Terhadap Koordinasi
Badan
Penyalahgunaan dadah adalah pengambilan dadah secara

berlebihan dan bukan untuk tujuan perubatan.
Stimulasi
 Otak menjadi aktif.
 Kadar metabolisme bertambah.
 Aktif, agresif dan tidak boleh tidur.
Kesan penyalahgunaan dadah

terhadap koordinasi badan
Gerak balas badan menjadi perlahan Halusinasi

 Kurang peka terhadap  Fungsi otak terjejas.
rangsangan.
 Koordinasi otot yang kurang baik.  Salah persepsi terhadap jarak,
 Mengantuk dan kurang sedar akan ruang dan masa.
persekitaran.


Types Of Drug
Types of drug Example Effect
• • Stimulate reaction
Cocaine
• Increase metabolism rate
Stimulants • Amphetamines
• Make a person more active, aggressive,
• Nicotine loss appetite and is unable to sleep
• Morphine • Slow down reaction
• Barbiturate • Calm a person’s mind and less anxious.
Depressants
• Tranquiliser • Excessive amount may cause drowsiness
• Heroin and may result in coma
• Morphine
• Help to relieve pain
Opiates / Narcotics • Heroin
• Opium • Induce sleep
• Marijuana • Cause hallucination
Hallucinogens • LSD • Change the thought and emotion of the
• Cannabis user.
• Glue • Cause hallucination and damage brain,
Inhalants lungs and kidneys.
• Paint thinner


Jenis Dadah
Jenis Contoh Kesan
• • Merangsang tindakan
Kokaine
• Menaikkan kadar metabolisme
Stimulan • Amfetamin
• Seseorang menjadi aktif, agresif, hilang
• Nikotin selera makan, dan tidak dapat tidur
• Morfin • Memperlahan tindakan
• Barbiturat • Menenangkan minda dan mengurangkan
Depresen perasaan cemas seseorang
• Tranquiliser
• Pengambilan berlebihan menyebabkan
• Heroin seseorang mengantuk lalu koma
• Morfin
• Melegakan kesakitan
Opiat / Narkotik • Heroin
• Opium (candu) • Menyebabkan seseorang boleh tidur
• Marijuana (ganja) • Menyebabkan khayalan
Halusinogen • LSD • Mempengaruh fikiran dan emosi seseorang
• Kanabis
• Gam • Menyebabkan khayalan dan kerosakan
Inhalan otak, peparu dan ginjal
• Pelarut cat

Low immune system Loss of appetite

 Susceptible to disease  Causes malnutrition
Effects
EffectsOf
Of Weaken respiratory system
Poor physical and mental Drug
Drug
Abuse  Causes bronchitis and
health AbuseOnOn
Health flu.
Health
Withdrawal symptom High risk to contract

without drug HIV and Hepatitis B
 Vomiting, diarrhoea  Due to sharing of

hallucination. injection needles

Sistem imun rendah Kehilangan nafsu makan

 Terdedah kepada  Menyebabkan malnutrisi
pelbagai penyakit
Kesan
Kesan
Penyalah-
Penyalah- Sistem pernafasan lemah
Kesihatan fizikal dan gunaan
gunaan
mental terjejas Dadah  Menyebabkan bronkitis
Dadah
Terhadap
Terhadap dan selesema
Kesihatan
Kesihatan
Gejala berhenti Berisiko menghidapi HIV

pengambilan dadah dan Hepatitis B
 Muntah, cirit birit,  Pengkongsian jarum

berkhayal suntikan

Factors The Cause Drug Abuse

Factors The Cause Drug Abuse
Factors That Cause

Drug Abuse
Run away from

Peer influence. Curiousity to try. personal problem Pleasure seeking.
and daily pressure.

Faktor Menyebabkan Penyalahgunaan Dadah

Faktor Menyebabkan Penyalahgunaan Dadah
Faktor Menyebabkan
Penyalahgunaan Dadah
Melarikan diri dari

Pengaruh rakan Keinginan untuk Mencari
masalah peribadi
sebaya mencuba keseronokan
dan tekanan harian

Ways To Prevent Drug Abuse
 Parental guidance and love for the young.
 Education to prevent drug abuse and anti drug campaigns through mass
media.
 Strict enforcement of low by authorities.
 Rehabilitation of drug addicts.
 Emphasis on religious and moral education.

Cara Mencegah Penyalahgunaan Dadah
 Bimbingan dan kasih sayang ibu bapa.
 Pendidikan bagi mencegah penyalahgunaan dadah dan kempen anti dadah

melalui media masa.
 Memgetatkan undang-undang.
 Pemulihan penagih dadah.
 Penekanan atas pendidikan agaman dan moral.

2.9 Effects Of Excessive Consumption Of Alcohol On

Body Coordination And Health
Kesan Alkohol Terhadap Koordinasi Badan Dan
Kesihatan

Effects Of Excessive Consumption Of Alcohol On Body Coordination And Health

Alcoholic Drinks
All alcoholic drinks contain ethanol.
Ethanol is a psychoactive substance which can affect the efficiency of the body
coordination and health.
Tapai, sake and rice wine

 From fermented rice.
Wine and brandy Toddy

Example Of Alcoholic  From fermented
 From fermented Drinks fresh juice of
grape. coconuts flower.
Whisky, Beer, Ale And Gin Cider

 From fermented grain  From fermented apple.
such as barley wheat.
Different alcoholic drinks differ in the percentage of ethanol contain.

Kesan Alkohol Terhadap Koordinasi Badan Dan Kesihatan
Minuman Keras
Semua minuman keras mengandungi etanol.
Etanol adalah bahan psikoaktif yang boleh menjejas kecekapan koordinasi

badan dan kesihatan.
Tapai, Sake dan Wain beras

 Diperbuat dari nasi yang ditapai
Wain dan Brendi Todi

 Diperbuat dari  Diperbuat dari jus
Contoh minuman keras
anggur yang bunga kelapa
ditapai yang ditapai
Wiski, Bir, Ale dan Gin Cider

 Diperbuat dari bijiran  Diperbuat dari epal
yang ditapai seperti yang ditapai
gandum dan barli
Minuman keras yang berbeza mengandungi peratusan etanol yang berbeza.


Effects Of Excessive Consumption Of Alcohol On
Body Coordination
Alcohol is a depressant that slows down the nervous system and the brain functions.
Effects Of Alcohol In Different Dosages
Doses Effect On Body Coordination

• Relaxing effect.
• Reduces tension.
• Reduces concentration.
Low • Slows down body’s reaction time.
• Poor judgement of distance.
• Walk clumsy and unsteady.
• Blurred vision.
• Slurred speech.
Medium
• Drowsiness.
• Altered emotions.
• Vomiting.
• Breathing difficulties.
High
• Unconsciousness.
• Coma.
Kesan Alkohol Terhadap Koordinasi Badan
Alkohol adalah depresen yang meperlahankan fungsi sistem saraf dan otak.
Kesan Alkohol Pada Dos Berlainan
Dos Kesan Pada Koordinasi Badan

• Mengurangkan ketegangan.
• Mengurangkan tekanan.
• Mengurangkan penumpuan.
Rendah • Badan bertindak lambat.
• Anggaran jarak kurang tepat.
• Berjalan secara bergoyah-goyah.
• Penglihatan kabur.
• Pertuturan terjejas.
Sederhana
• Mengantuk.
• Emosi terjejas.
• Muntah.
• Sesak nafas.
Tinggi
• Ketidaksedaran.
• Koma.

Effects Of Excessive Consumption Of Alcohol On
Body Coordination
 Alcohol is a small molecule  Alcohol is soluble in liquid and water solution
 Alcohol easily gets into the bloodstream.
Effect Of Alcohol On Health
Organs Damages caused by excessive consumption of alcohol

• Slow down brain function.
Brain • Unconscious.
• Damage brain cells causing brain size to shrink.
• Hardening of liver or Cirrhosis.
Liver
• Inflammation of the liver.
• Heart muscles may deteriorate.

Heart
• Causes high blood pressure.
Stomach • Causes gastric and ulcers.
• Kidney tend to reabsorbs less water.

Kidney
• Cause dehydration.

Kesan Alkohol Terhadap Kesihatan
 Alkohol adalah molekul kecil  Alkohol mudah masuk ke dalam aliran

 Alkohol melarut dalam cecair dan air darah
Kesan Alkohol Terhadap Kesihatan
Organ Kerosakan yang disebabkan oleh pengambilan berlebihan

• Melambatkan fungsi otak.
Otak • Tidak peka.
• Kerosakan sel otak menyebabkan saiz otak menyusut.
• Pengerasan hati atau Sirosis.
Hati
• Keradangan hati.
• Kerosakan otot jantung.

Jantung
• Tekanan darah tinggi.
Perut • Menyebabkan gastrik dan ulser.
• Kurang air diserap balik di ginjal.

Ginjal
• Menyebabkan dehidrasi.

Excessive Consumption Of Alcohol
Is harmful to
Drinkers Families Society

 Cannot work properly.  Become aggressive  Alcohol slows down
easily and cause reaction time and
spousal or children cause rood accident.
abuse.
 Affects drinkers’  Family breakdown.  Alcohol abuse may
health. cause crime.
 Loss of job and turn  Broken family may

to crime. cause social
problems.

Pengambilan Alkohol Berlebihan
Berbahaya bagi
Individu Keluarga Masyarakat

 Tidak boleh bekerja  Menjadi agresif lalu  Melambatkan masa
dengan baik. mendera isteri atau bergerak balas dan
anak. menyebabkan
kemalangan jalan
raya.
 Menjejas kesihatan  Keluarga berpecah
 Menyebabkan
seseorang. belah.
berlakunya jenayah.
 Kehilangan kerja lalu
keluarga
melakukan jenayah.
menyebabkan
pelbagai masalah
sosial.

2.10 The Importance Of A Sound And Healthy Mind

Kepentingan Minda Yang Waras Dan Sihat

The Important Of A Sound And Healthy Mind

Mind is define as the
Mind ability of brain to
think and reason
Sound and health mind Unsound and unhealth mind
Enables a person to think

A person cannot reason properly.
rationally.
Characteristic of sound and Characteristic of unsound and

healthy mind. unhealthy mind
 Caring and loving.  Bad tempered.
 Positive thinking.  Easily being stress up.
 Fair when making judgement.  Make unfair judgement.


Minda adalah
Minda kebolehan otak
seseorang berfikir.
Minda yang kurang waras dan

Minda yang waras dan sihat
kurang sihat
Membolehkan seseorang berfikir Seseorang tidak boleh berfikir

secara rasional. secara betul.
Ciri-ciri: Ciri-ciri:
 Prihatin dan berkasih sayang.  Tidak dapat mengawal perasaan.
 Berfikiran positif.  Sentiasa berasa tertekan.
 Wajar semasa membuat  Tidak wajar semasa membuat

penilaian. penilaian.

Factors That Influence The Mind

Factors That Influence The Mind
External Factor Internal Factor
Mental stress Brain injury

(Examination and sad experieces) (Disease or accident)
Social factor Hormone imbalance

(Family and peers) (Lack or excess hormone secretion)
Enviromenalt condition Drug abuse

(Weather and temperature) (Hallucination)
Excessive consumption of alcohol

(Central nervous system affected)
Disease
(Gastric or body ache)

Faktor-faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Minda

Faktor-faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Minda
Faktor Luaran Faktor Dalaman
Tekanan minda Kecederaan otak

(peperiksaan atau pengalaman sedih) (penyakit atau kemalangan)
Faktor sosial Ketidakseimbangan hormon

(keluarga dan rakan sebaya) (kekurangan/berlebihan rembesan hormon)
Keadaan persekitaran Penyalahgunaan dadah

(cuaca dan suhu) (berkhayal)
Pengambilan alkohol secara

berlebihan
(sistem saraf pusat terjejas)
Penyakit
(Gastrik atau kesakitan badan)

Importance Of
Importance Of
Healthy Mind
Healthy Mind
Enable a person to
Make a person cheerful
make logical judgement
and positive thinking.
before action.

Kepentingan Minda Yang Sihat

Kepentingan Minda Yang Sihat
Membolehkan individu
Supaya individu selalu
membuat penilaian
ceria dan berfikiran
yang logik sebelum
positif.
bertindak.

The End
i - Teach

Chapter 2 Body Coordination.

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Chapter 2 Body Coordination.

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Topic 2 Body Coordination

2.1 Body Coordination

ITeach – Science Form 4

Is a process where various parts of body work together to produce an

Nervous system Endocrine system

ITeach – Science Form 4

Adalah satu proses di mana pelbagai bahagian badan berkerjasama dalam

Sistem Saraf Sistem Endokrin

ITeach – Sains Tingkatan 4

The Important of Body Coordination

 Enable our body to respond to changes in our surrounding.

 Avoid situition and protect our body from injuries.

 Coordinates all body activities to regulate appropriate responses to

ITeach – Science Form 4

Kepentingan Koordinasi Badan

 membenarkan badan menyesuaikan diri dengan perubahan sekitar.

 Mengelakkan dan melindungi tubuh badan daripada kecederaan.

 menyelaras aktiviti badan bagi membolehkannya bertindak balas

ITeach – Sains Tingkatan 4

The Human Nervous System

Stimulus And Response

Change in the internal or external environment.

Response Process that promotes action

ITeach – Science Form 4

Rangsangan Dan Tindak Balas

Perubahan pada persekitaran dalam atau luar.

Tindak Balas Proses yang mencetuskan tindakan.

Rangsangan Koordinasi Badan Tindak Balas

Rangsangan Tindak balas

ITeach – Sains Tingkatan 4

2.2 The Human Nervous System

ITeach – Science Form 4

The Human Nervous System

Human Nervous System

ITeach – Science Form 4

Sistem Saraf Manusia

ITeach – Sains Tingkatan 4

The Human Nervous System

Receives information from sensory organs, interprets and send to concern

Brain Spinal cord

 protected by the skull / cranium.  Protected by the backbone.

 made up of grey matter (outer  Consists of relay neurons.

ITeach – Science Form 4

Menerima maklumat daripada organ deria, mentafsir, dan menghantar

Otak Saraf tunjang

 Dilindungi oleh tulang tengkorak/  Dilindungi oleh tulang belakang.

ITeach – Sains Tingkatan 4

The Human Nervous System

Peripheral Nervous System

Cranial nerves Spinal nerves

Eye Cranial nerves Spinal cord

ITeach – Science Form 4

Sistem Saraf Periferi

Saraf kranium Saraf spina

Mata Saraf kranium Saraf tunjang

ITeach – Sains Tingkatan 4

The Human Nervous System

Basic function unit of the nervous system.

To carry nerve impulses

ITeach – Science Form 4

Unit fungsi asas sistem saraf.

Membawa impuls saraf.

ITeach – Sains Tingkatan 4

The Human Nervous System