Getting Started

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Chapter 1
Getting Started

ELPT 1311 Basic Electrical Theory

Chapter 01_Getting Started
Introduction to Electricity by Paynter & Boydell and Pearson Illustrations
1
Getting Started

Outline
• Electrical Careers
• Components and Symbols
• Electrical Meters
• Electrical Units of Measure
• Engineering Notation

3
Electrical Careers

Electricians
• A person who has been trained to install, operate,
maintain and repair of:
- power circuits
- control circuits
- security circuits
- voice and video systems
- industrial motors and controls

• Must have a working knowledge of:

- basic principles of electricity and electronics
- reading and interpreting blueprints
- wiring techniques
- safe working practices
- the National Electric Code (NEC® )
- first aid
- hazardous materials 4
Electrical Careers

Residential Electricians
• Install, maintain, and repair electrical circuits found in
houses apartments and condominiums
- power receptacles
- service panels
- junction boxes
- inside and outside lighting
- appliance power circuits

• Qualifications generally require:

- two or more years of classroom training plus on-the-job
training
- demonstrated knowledge and use of the National Electrical
Code (NEC® )
- installing, terminating and splicing high-voltage cables
5
A residential electrician
Electrical Careers

Industrial and Commercial Electricians

• Install, maintain, and repair electrical circuits found in
industrial and commercial buildings including:
- power distribution circuits
- motor and environmental power and control circuits
- lighting circuits and fixtures
- service panels and junction boxes
- fire alarm systems
• Qualifications may require:
- five years training, classroom and including on-the-job training
- thorough knowledge of (NEC® )
- installing, terminating and splicing high-voltage cables
• Qualifications are demanding, but pay, benefits and job
stability are generally better
7
Industrial, Commercial Electrician
Electrical Careers

Telecommunications Technician
• Install, maintain, troubleshoot and repair residential and
commercial data, audio, video, and security circuits that
include:
- low-voltage networks
- voice data transmission circuits
- local area networks (LANs)
- audio and video distribution systems
- security and access control systems
• Qualifications may include:
- three years classroom and on-the-job-training

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Telecommunications Electrician Connecting
Wires To A Termination Block
Electrical Careers

Outside Linemen
• Install and repair power and distribution lines including:
- overhead high-voltage lines
- distribution lines and circuits
- transformers and connectors
- power substations
- underground residential power systems

• Qualifications may include 3 ½ years of classroom and

on-the-job training including:
- proper use of rigging equipment
- operating a bucket truck

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Outside Linemen Working On Power Lines Near
A Utility Pole
Electrical Careers

Electronics Technicians
• A person who locates and repairs faults in electronic
systems and circuits including:
- using electronic test equipment
- performing periodic maintenance
- install new systems
• Qualifications generally require
- 2-year Associate Degree at a Community College
or equivalent
- military training and experience

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Electronics Technician
Computer Technician
Components & Symbols
SCHEMATIC
Resistors SYMBOLS
R

• A resistor is a component that is used to

restrict the flow of current in an electrical fixed
circuit resistor
- somewhat analogous to a valve in a water line

potentiometer

variable
resistor

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Components & Symbols
SCHEMATIC
Capacitors SYMBOLS
C C

• Capacitors are components that un-polarized variable

store energy in an electrostatic field capacitor capacitor

• They may be called condensers in +

-
older manuals C

• Capacitors oppose a change in voltage polarized

capacitor

Ceramic Capacitors Polarized Capacitors

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Components & Symbols

Inductors
• Inductors are components that store energy in a
magnetic field
• They may be referred to as coils or chokes

• Inductors oppose a
change in current flow

SCHEMATIC
SYMBOLS

variable
coil

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 Pole
Components & Symbols Transformer

SCHEMATIC tapped
Transformers SYMBOLS transformer

• Transformers are components that

contain one or more inductors in a
single structure
• Transformers are used to:
- change one voltage to another
- transfer electrical energy from
one circuit to another

Power
Transformer

Transformer
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Components & Symbols SCHEMATIC SPST
SYMBOLS
DPST
SPDT
Switches
• Switches are components used to make or break an
electrical circuit

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Components & Symbols
FUSES

Fuses and Circuit Breakers

• A fuse is a component that automatically
breaks an electrical connection if the current increases
beyond a certain value
- circuit fuses “burn open” in the case of an overcurrent
condition and thereby protects the circuit

• A circuit breaker also operates on an SINGLE PHASE

BREAKER
overcurrent condition to protect
a circuit, but they can be reset
and be used again
- circuit breakers “trip” THREE
open to break the PHASE
current path of the CIRCUIT
circuit BREAKER

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Getting Started

Check Your Understanding

• What do all circuits have in common?
a) capacitors
b) transformers
c) current
d) switches
e) resistors

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Getting Started

Check Your Understanding

• What do all circuits have in common?
a) capacitors
b) transformers
c) current
d) switches
e) resistors

22
Getting Started

Check Your Understanding

• What components are used to limit current?
a) voltages
b) resistors
c) conductors

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Getting Started

Check Your Understanding

• What components are used to limit current?
a) voltages
b) resistors
c) conductors

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Getting Started

Check Your Understanding

• A capacitor stores energy in a/n __________ field
a) electro-resistive
b) capacitive
c) inductive
d) electro-magnetic
e) electric
f) dynamic

25
Getting Started

Check Your Understanding

• A capacitor stores energy in a/n __________ field
a) electro-resistive
b) capacitive
c) inductive
d) electro-magnetic
e) electric
f) dynamic

26
Getting Started

Check Your Understanding

• An inductor stores energy in a/n __________ field
The best answer/response is:
a) resistive
b) capacitive
c) inductive
d) magnetic
e) electric
f) dynamic

27
Getting Started

Check Your Understanding

• An inductor stores energy in a/n __________ field
The best answer/response is:
a) resistive
b) capacitive
c) inductive
d) magnetic
e) electric
f) dynamic

28
Getting Started

Check Your Understanding

• What component is used to make or break an electrical
connection?
The best answer/response is:
a) capacitors
b) inductors
c) transformers
d) switches
e) resistors

29
Getting Started

Check Your Understanding

• What component is used to make or break an electrical
connection?
The best answer/response is:
a) capacitors
b) inductors
c) transformers
d) switches
e) resistors

30
Getting Started

Check Your Understanding

• What component must be replaced after it protects a
circuit from a high-current condition?
The best answer/response is:
a) capacitors
b) resistors
c) fuses
d) conductors
e) inductors

31
Getting Started

Check Your Understanding

• What component must be replaced after it protects a
circuit from a high-current condition?
The best answer/response is:
a) capacitors
b) resistors
c) fuses
d) conductors
e) inductors

32
Electrical Meters

Digital Multimeter (DMM)

• A digital multimeter (DMM) is a meter that allows the
measurement of most basic electrical properties
- voltage in AC or DC
- current in AC or DC
- resistance in ohms
• A direct current (DC) voltage
measurement is the actual
voltage value
• Alternating current (AC)
measurements are in
"root mean square values"
(rms) not peak values
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Electrical Meters Amplitude of DC
1.5 VOLTS

DC Voltage & Current

DC (such as from a battery) does 0 VOLTS
not change in value from one TIME 
point in time to another point in
time
Amplitude of AC (AC SINE WAVE)
AC Voltage & Current
AC continually changes in
value
Household voltage =
120 volts rms
TIME 
Household peak voltage =
155.16 volts peak
Household peak to peak voltage =
310.32 volts peak to peak
34
Electrical Meters

Volt-Ohm-Milliammeter (VOM)
• The Volt-Ohm-Milliamp meter (VOM) is an analog
electrical measuring instrument that allows the
measurement of many
electrical properties

• The VOM also measures rms

values, not peak values

• Often not preferred over the

DMM because the DMM has
an easier read out and is
more accurate

35
Electrical Units of Measure

Quantity Symbol Definition Unit of Unit

measure Symbol

Current I Measure of electron flow Ampere A

Voltage E or V Force that causes electrons to flow Volts V
Resistance R Opposition to flow of electrons Ohms Ω
Power P Heat dissipated in a circuit Watts W
Capacitance C Storage capacity of a capacitor Farads f
Inductance L Storage capacity of an inductor Henries H
Reactance X Opposition to current by L or C Ohms Ω
Impedance Z Opposition to AC circuit current Ohms Ω
Frequency f Number of cycles per second Hertz Hz
Time t Time elapsed or between pulses Seconds s

36
Engineering Notation

Engineering Notation
• Engineering Notation is a shorthand method of
representing large and small numbers

• Examples: 1,000 meters = 1 kilometer

12,000 meters = 12 kilometers
28,400,000 Hz = 28.4 MHz (megahertz)
0.00025 A = 25 milliamps
0.0000025 f = 2.5 microfarads
0.095 s = 95 milliseconds
37
ENGINEERING NOTATION CHART
CONVERSION FACTORS
 To convert a number "to" engineering notation
Divide the number by the conversion factor for desired prefix

Convert 5860 Hz to kHz

Kilo = 1,000 or 103

Use Calculator to Convert

 To convert a number "to" engineering notation
Divide the number by the conversion factor for desired prefix

Convert 84,450,000 W to MW
mega = 1,000,000 or 106

Use Calculator to Convert

 To convert a number "to" engineering notation
Divide the number by the conversion factor for desired prefix

Convert 0.00346 A to mA
milli = 0.001 or 10-3

Use Calculator to Convert

 To convert a number "from" engineering notation
Multiply the number by the conversion factor indicated

Convert 5.86 kHz to Hz

Kilo = 1,000 or 103

5.860 kHz = 5860 Hz

Use Calculator to Convert

Hz
 To convert a number "from" engineering notation
Multiply the number by the conversion factor indicated

Convert 84.45 MW to W
mega = 1,000,000 or 106

84.5 MW x 1,000,000 = 84,450,000 W

84.5 MW = 84,450,000 W

Use Calculator to Convert

(84.5) MW (x) (6) (10X ) (=) 84,450,000 W
 To convert a number "from" engineering notation
Multiply the number by the conversion factor indicated

Convert 3.46 mA to A
milli = 0.001 or 10-3

3.45 mA x 0.001 = .00346 A

3.45 mA= .00346 A

Use Calculator to Convert

(3.45) mA (x) (-3) (10X ) (=) .00346 A
Engineering Notation

Check Your Understanding

• Complete the following
- 0.750 A = ________________ mA
- 0.20 mA = ________________ A
- 1,550 W = ________________ kW
- 330 kV = ________________ V
- 112 μF = ________________ F
- 12,550,000 Ω = _________________ M Ω
- 0.000000456 F = _________________ nF
- 222 kΩ = _________________ Ω

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Engineering Notation

Check Your Understanding

• Complete the following
- 0.750 A = ÷ .001
________________ 750 mA
- 0.20 mA = x________________
.001 0.0002 A
- 1,550 W = ÷ 1,000
________________1.55 kW
- 330 kV = x________________
1,000 330,000 V
- 112 μF = x________________
.000,000 0.000,112 F
- 12,550,000 Ω ÷ 1,000,000 12.55 M Ω
= _________________
÷ .000,000,001
- 0.000000456 F = _________________ 456 nF
- 222 kΩ x 1,000 222,000 Ω
= _________________

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 The End

"Assignment"
Read Chapter 2