NORTH

AMERICA
REGION 10
 NORTH
AMERICAN
REGION

WORLD MAP
UNITED
STATES OF
AMERICA
CANADA
 USA CAN

IND CHN

• attracting prosperity & stability – seeking foreign migrants

• immigrants congregate the region’s vast urban areas for opportunities
- leading to an increase of plural yet spatially segregated metropolitan centres
• Illegal immigrations to the region creates high volume of job competitions, gang violence and more
Canadians have a strong sense of pride, preventing their national identity from being
overwhelmed by their powerful neighbouring country
 SUBTROPICAL CLIMATE
- Average temperature of the coldest
month less than 18 ⁰C
- Between 8 – 12 months, the average
temperature is at least 10⁰C

• SUBTROPICAL RAINY CLIMATE

- Lesser precipitation compared to other
tropical climates
- Location : South-eastern USA –
Florida, Mississippi, Alabama,
Georgia, Louisiana, North and
South Carolina
• SUBTROPICAL WINTER RAIN
- Precipitation of the wettest winter
month is at least 3 times of the driest
summer month

- subtropical rainy area

DRY CLIMATE
- Situated at the north of Tropic of Cancer
- Hot, sunny and dry through the
year-round
- most least precipitated, not suitable for
vegetation
- Location :
1- Sonoran Desert
(southern parts of Arizona and
2 California)
2- Mojave Desert
1 (south-eastern California and southern
Nevada)

- arid (dry) areas

BOREAL CLIMATE
- Occurs 1 – 3 month with average
temperature at least 10 ⁰C
- Very long cold winters and short, cool to
mild summers
• OCEANIC
- Average temperature of the coldest
month is 10 ⁰C or above
- Location :
- Canada – Yukon, British Columbia
- USA – East of Washington 1 ,
Idaho 2 , Oregon 3 and whole of
Alaska
• CONTINENTAL
1 - Average temperature of the coldest month
is below 10 ⁰C
3 - Location : North-eastern Canada -
2
Quebec, Ontario, Newfoundland and
areas affected with the boreal climate Labrador
PROBLEMS

3.1 NATURAL HAZARDS

3.2 ENVIRONMENTAL
ISSUES
 HURRICANES

RIVER FLOODS TORNADOES

BLIZZARDS VOLCANIC
ERUPTIONS
EARTHQUAKES
3.1.1 HURRICANES • Actively threatens mid and southern Atlantic coast and
Gulf coast in late summer and fall when water
temperatures are at its warmest

• Galveston, Texas. August 1900s

• Regionally known as “ the Great Storm
of 1900”
• Approximate number of fatalities of
6000 - 12000
• Ended the Golden Era of Galveston,
potential investors left for Houston
instead

GREAT GALVESTON HURRICANE

post damages after the disaster
August -September 1900s
 • Most common in the Plain States, Mississippi Valley and Florida
3.1.2 TORNADOES • Affects Texas in February, Great Lakes area in June

• Tri-state consisting of Missouri, Illinois

and Indiana
• Formed in Shannon County, Missouri in
March 1925
• Number of fatalities – 695 alone
• Longest tornado recorded in the world –
243 to 378 km

TRI-STATE TORNADO
Longfellow School, Murphysboro, Illinois
17 students killed
3.1.3 RIVER FLOODS • Occurs commonly in the Mississippi River valley due to snow melts on the hills
or heavy summer rains
• Particularly dramatic in western arid regions after sudden rains fill dry
streambeds

• Occurred along the Mississippi and

Missouri rivers and their tributaries in
May – October 1993
• Outrage rainfalls in the early summer of
1992 resulted to above-normal soil
moisture and persisted until autumn of
the same year
• Winter 1992/93 – the region experienced
heavy snowfall
• Officials estimated nearly 700 private
built agricultural levees were destroyed
and overtopped along the Missouri river
GREAT FLOOD OF 1993
A town in Missouri during the Great Flood of 1993
3.1.4 BLIZZARDS • Affects the upper Great Plains and Midwest, the western mountains and
northeast coast of the United States
• Ice storms pelted many eastern areas of the Rocky Mountains

• Began from Baja California Sur in early

February 2010 and was ongoing until the
next month
• Effects were felt throughout the country,
and rail travels were suspended
• Snow was accumulated to a widespread
of 50 to 90 cm
• Deaths were reported at Mexico, New
Mexico , Virginia and Maryland

2010 SNOWMAGEDDON
Snowmageddon in Washington D.C
February 2010
3.1.5 EARTHQUAKES + • Occur mainly along the west coast from Alaska through California
• Volcanic eruptions are active in Hawaii, occurs in the Cascades
VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS where the Juan de Fuca minor plate plunges beneath the North
American Plate

• Good Friday (March 27, 1964) with

magnitude of 9.2, lasted 4 minutes 38
seconds
• Number of fatalities : 139 deaths
• Fissures, landslides and other earthly
failures caused property damages
• Post-earthquake tsunami affected a
village name Chenega and the motion of
the earthquake was felt by other regions
such as Canada and Japan

GREAT ALASKAN EARTHQUAKE

Anchorage, Alaska
March 1964
 • Kilauea Volcano is one of the most active
volcanoes in the world
• Erupted on May 3, 2018, magnitude of 5.0
then 6.9 the next day
• Around 1700 people were forcedly
evacuated from their homes
• Lava spewed up to 61 meters in the air
then flows through the sea and
residential areas

KILAUEA VOLCANO ERUPTION

Hawaii’s Big Island
May 2018
THE DUST BOWL COLORADO WATER SHORTAGES
WILDFIRES MINING SMOG ACID RAIN
 A severe dust storms destroying the American
ecology and agriculture in the 1930s
Ploughing of subhumid grasslands in Western
Oklahoma, Kansas and Texas where the wind blew
the dried finer soil particles and left piles of sand
behind

3.2.1 THE DUST BOWL

3.2.2 COLORADO WATER SHORTAGE

Water from aquifers and Colorado River facilitated the

expansion of farming into arid areas of Southwestern United
States
As southwestern populations grew, competitions and
controversy erupted between local states over the use of
freshwater and the depletion of groundwater resources
 3.2.3 WILDFIRES
Settlements in arid areas where
natural burning cycles frequently
occur in the vegetation presents a
growing hazard

Wildfires increasingly affect the

populated areas, such as the Los
Angeles Basin in southern California,
where businesses and homes may
be consumed by fire in a matter
of minutes
 3.2.4 MINING
Mining on a large scale produced
huge pits for extracting copper and
other metal ores in the West

The strip mining on of Appalachian

hills from coal after 1950 devastated
large areas of eastern Kentucky and
West Virginia
 3.2.5 SMOG
Cities like Washington DC, Baton Rogue and Los Angeles became plagued by smog and
high-concentrations of ground-level ozone, generated from the exhaust gases of
increasing numbers of vehicles and thermal power plants
Derived from power plant emissions, along the Ohio River Valley, affected trees and
caused rivers and lakes downwind in the northeastern United States and eastern Canada
to become acidic
 3 centuries after, the Europeans 'discovered’ the
region

LEIF CHRISTOPHER
ERICKSON COLUMBUS
1000 AD 1492
Icelandic Viking explorer Italian explorer
(present-day Canada) (present-day America)
 agriculture
hunting
• Indigenous people lived in societies
trading
local communal
sharing of resources

• Global connections existed from the Europeans’ various interests of

the region

• Indigenous Americans across the region were overwhelmed by the

cultural hegemony – forced conversion of their social customs to the
different technologies and social tenets of the Europeans

• British became dominant by mid 1700s

Indigenous Americans in European attires

1• Settlers staying at the south of the St. Lawrence River
valley fought for independence to become the United
States of America by signing the Declaration of
Independence in 1776. This forced the British to 1
recognize the U.S sovereignty

• Canada arose out of the colonial territories first

2 established along St Lawrence and Great Lakes

- remained a British colony longer than

the United States
- achieved independence through the
British North America Act in 1867
- maintained legal ties with the British 2
until 1982, when it gained its our
constitutional control
- now fully independent that enjoys
membership in the Commonwealth of
Nations
Declaration of Independence British North America Act
1776 1867
 Known as First Nations in Canada

 Migrated from Siberia, Russia to Alaska 20,000 years ago

 1500 AD – lived in a hierarchy structured ethnic community known as

tribes

 Culture created based on natural resources, environmental

surroundings and a sedentary settlement structure existed

 Eastern communities – corns, beans, and squash. They hunted and

fished and lived in village settlements

 Hunting groups like The Dakota inhabited the prairie environment on

plains between the Mississippi River and Rocky Mountains
- killed bison to supply their food, clothing, shelter needs

 Spanish colonists introduced horses to facilitate hunting, travel,

communications for many western hunting-based societies. enabled
them to expand in both significance and
numbers of people
 Tribes vastly grow, scattered to farther west in the more arid parts of the
mountains, high plateaus as well as farther northern forests and Arctic
lands

 South-westerners begin the development of irrigation farming and

building distinctive villages by pueblo cultures

 Along the Pacific coast from present day northern California to southern
Alaska, small tribes fished seafood,
including salmon and tuna
- they carved the region’s tall trees into dugout canoes, plank
houses and totem poles

 Arctic and north Pacific coasts of the continent supported small

numbers of Aleuts and Inuits – hunted and fished the nearby
ocean waters

 Many Native Americans were killed after the arrival of the Europeans by
the introduction of diseases to which they had no immunity

 Survivors migrated further to the marginal lands of the region. This

lasted 2 centuries beginning in the 1600s from the east to central and
northwestern parts of North America
Mississippians in Monks Mound
Cahokia, Illinois, USA

Navajo National Monument

Arizona, USA
Swedes
• Settled the mouth of St. Lawrence River, present day
Canada from the early 1500s

• Established farm settlements along the banks of St.

Lawrence Valley

• 1500s – settled parts of present day Colorado,

California, Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, Florida and the
Carolinas

• When the southern North Americans did not deliver

gold they hoped for, they left much of land to be cared
by a Roman Catholic missions or to be used as cattle
ranches
• First targeted the tidewater lands surrounding the Chesapeake Bay for
colonial development

• 1607 – established first permanent settlement of Jamestown, present

day Virginia after an earlier failed attempt on Roanoke Island (present
day North Carolina)

• 1619 – the first Africans were imported to perform the labour-intensive

fieldwork

• 1620 - Religious freedom-seeking migrants from England make their

way to Virginia, brought a second wave of British settlers
- landed at Cape Cod, present day Massachusetts then move to
Plymouth, later known as New England

• 1700s – slavery became a significant institution, fuelling the

development and expansion of agriculture south and west from
southeast Atlantic coastal plain

• New England’s community orientation contrasted with individual

family-owned plantations of southern settlers which produced fewer
towns
• 1630 – first to settle in Middle Atlantic between New England and
Virginia around their port town of New Amsterdam

• 1660 – British drove the Dutch out from their settlements

• The British Duke of York received charge of the Dutch lands, changing
the name to the largest city New Amsterdam to New York
- He paid off his war and land acquisition debts by selling most of his
lands to William Penn, founder of Pennsylvania

• 1700 – Scots-Irish and Germans came to the region and establishing a

farming system based on growing corn and raising livestock. It spreads
southward along the Appalachian valleys

• 1783 – after Independence, 3 settlement areas along the Atlantic coast

with different economic and social systems.

• First plantation was first established in Virginia, along with the use of
slaves, extended to the south then southwestward along the lowlands
of Texas
The long, warm summers of the widening coastal plain southward from New York
encouraged the commercial farming of subtropical crops such as tobacco, sugarcane,
rice and indigo and later cotton in the 1600s and 1700s.

New England’s timber and pitch provided new ships for the British navy.

The coastal harvest of fish in Canada and New England was followed by an inland
harvest of animal furs, which further diversified developing patterns of global trade.

After the establishing complete independence in 1783, the United States tripled it area
by 1850, buying land from France and Spain.

The Homestead Act of 1862 provided families with very inexpensive or even free
farmland.

Families able to overcome the expense of starting farms in the interior took advantage
of the fertile soils and the warm, moist summer climate, that’s ideal for growing corn,
and wheat and raising cattle and pigs.
Textiles, metal goods, and leather goods were among the first industries to develop
Coal in eastern Pennsylvania and around Pittsburgh replaced charcoal in iron
making by 1850.

The Manufacturing Belt of the north-eastern United States, which initially

developed based on the regional resources of coal, iron and the agricultural
produce of the Midwest.

The mining of gold, silver, copper and zinc provided capital for further development
and widened the scope of late 1800s metal industries.

1900s - the availability of natural resources combined with the utilization of rivers
for irrigation, navigation, and hydroelectricity, and discovery of oil and natural gas
drew more people and manufacturing corporation from the countries core.
The United States sought to develop condition in which its
whole population could flourish by making the most of
their freedoms under the democratic Constitution

It established compulsory education much earlier than

European countries
The expanding internal market of the United States provided the
demands that stimulated many of the development

Americans achieved economies of scale by building larger factories

for increased output

Horizontal integration occurred when financiers bought up several

producers of the same products, giving the new owners a large share
of the production of goods and enabling them to set market prices

Vertical integration took this process further by uniting the

producers of products inputs with the product manufacture in a
single corporate structure
5.1 challenge
of québec

THE
CANADIAN
ISSUES
5.2 rights of
indigenous
canadians
 1 Canadian federal government and the unity of the nation faced a devolutionary
pressure from the French-speaking Canadians as they were making a movement
toward greater autonomy

2 25% of Canadians are French-speaking descendants of French settlers who came

during the earliest European settlement, settled along the St. Lawrence River

3 Francophones or French-speaking Canadians have an extremely strong sense of

separating themselves from Canada

4 They see themselves as having different ethnic history, religion and culture than
challenge of québec English-speaking Canadians. Majority of French Canadians are of Catholicism, a
contrast to the Protestant English Canadians

5 National identity loss enhanced by new immigrants in Montreal, Quebec’s largest

city and largest French-speaking city outside of France. These immigrants know less
of English nor French as their first language and they are choosing to learn English
and send their children to private English-language schools
 6 Quebec separatist movement gained momentum in the 1980s and became
strong 10 years later. 1995 – a referendum pushed by Parti Quebecois
received 50% of votes by the Quebec provincial residents in favour of
separation

7 After decades of perceived oppression from the federal government and

threats, it lead them to form Parti Quebecois – a political party with the
purpose of achieving Quebec’s independence from the federal government

challenge of québec
8 Some of the provincial residents don’t share the same the same
enthusiasm on the separation. English-speaking and other business owners
fear of revenue losses are opposed to independence
 QUEBEC
REFERENDUM

• October 30th 1995 - premier of Parti

Quebecois, Jacques Parizeau held the
referendum
• Defeated by a narrow margin
• There was shock throughout Canada but
no immediate solution
rights of indigenous canadians
While the Francophones are striving for their independence, they are blocked by the
challenges coming from indigenous Canadians known as, the Cree

They claim the northern third to northern half of Quebec as their ancestral land

They do not wish to be a part of the independent Quebec and threaten to secede from any
newly formed Quebec state and remain in Canada

Northern half of Quebec – site of significant natural resource potential

Generation of hydroelectric is so powerful that it is able to export energy to the United

States, generating revenue streams

This raises questions whether the varied regions within Canada, separated by great
overland distances, can continue to provide a complementary unity or embark on a course that
will tear the country apart
 Other Canadian provinces have grown weary of the federal government’s attempts to appease the
provincial government of Quebec

Prairie provinces have successfully lobbied the federal government for greater control over
resources ad decisions using the perceived “special treatment” given to Quebec as a bargaining tool

Issues related to the Canada’s First Nations residing in all provinces and territories are important
to the federal government, inclusive of Quebec’s situation

1973 – the government opened itself, negotiating land claims with organizations representing
native people.

Little had been done to implement the treaties that was negotiated with native people in the
1800s

1999- Largest area, Nunavut “land of the people” in Inuit language became a new territory with
its own elected government although it is still under federal control
Other agreements were reached in northern Quebec and with the Inuvialuit people in the northwest
arctic
6.0

6.1 united nations 6.2 group of eight 6.3 north america free
trade agreement
(nafta)
 6.1 UNITED STATES &
UNITED NATIONS
o U.S. as the host country of UN
o Headquarters located in New York City
– most powerful branch of the organization
– purpose : maintenance of international peace and security
– granted permanent seats : U.S, China, France,
United Kingdom, Russia. Have the power to veto council
decisions
– other member countries hold rotating seats
– decisions made are vital for the UN General Assembly
- United States sometimes feel at odds with interests of other
“veto power” countries (Russia, China) and they are unable to
secure desired Security Council resolutions
- Security Council’s produce healthy debate
among the American citizens concerning the
UN’s role should play globally and the point
which US should be involved in that role
- Countries and international groups that
benefit from UN’s actions and the security
council
- Others that don’t directly benefit from
specific measures have criticize the
organization, often US in particular for
interfering
- Critics question UN’s validity due to unequal
distribution of power on the Security
Council, argued that large economies and
influential countries like Brazil, Germany,
India and Japan should consider for
permanent seats and veto power
- Controversy is furthered by US reluctance to
promptly pay their financial dues and fully
participate in United Nations World Court
• Countries that involve is United States, Canada and Mexico

• It is the elimination of trade barriers to increase the economic

activity between them and strengthen their economic and
political positions at the global scale.

• Proponents of NAFTA claim it creates job, strengthens and

expand business and industry.

• NAFTA eroded barriers, restrictions and red tape making it nearly

effortless for companies from the three countries to conduct
business and sales anywhere in the region.

• Business leaders firmly believes that capitalism thrives best in

NAFTA created conditions in the region, and this will promote

6.2
and fortify economic and political stability for all three countries.
6.3
• The G8, reformatted as G7 from 2014 due to the suspension
of Russia's participation, was an inter-governmental political
forum from 1997 until 2014

• Each calendar year, the responsibility of hosting the G8 was

rotated through the member states in the following order:
France, United States, United Kingdom, Russia (suspended),
Germany, Japan, Italy, and Canada.

• The holder of the presidency sets the agenda, hosts the summit
for that year, and determines which ministerial meetings will
take place.

Global Leaders of G8
7.0 REGIONS OF THE UNITED STATES

7.1 NEW ENGLAND 7.6 THE SOUTH

7.2 MEGALOPOLIS 7.7 WESTERN MOUNTAINS
7.3 MANUFACTURING BELT 7.8 PACIFIC COAST
7.4 APPALACHIA 7.9 ALASKA AND HAWAII
7.5 U.S HEARTLAND
7.1.2 MAP OF NEW ENGLAND
7.1.3 ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES

• Name : Vermont Teddy Bear Company

• Location : Shelburne, Vermont
• Product : Teddy Bears
• You can see the production team assemble the Teddy
Bears live.
• Name of the company : Subway
• Location : Milford, Connecticut
• Product : Sandwiches
• One of the largest fast food restaurant chain by
number of locations in the world
• Name of the company : Discover New England
• Location : Portsmouth, New Hampshire
• Provides tourism services – accomodations,
tour sites, private tour, travel planning,
transportation and information on New
England
7.2.1 MEGALOPOLIS STATES
7.2.3 ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES

• Name of the company : Dynotex Inc.

• Location : Brooklyn, New York
• Product : Make textile and fabrics
• Provide more than just cut and sew services
• Name of the company : New England Apple
Products Company
• Location : Leominster, Massachusetts
• Product : Apple
• Plant and grows apple to make vinegar.
• Name of the company : New England Trips Inc.
• Location: Boston, USA
• Product : Provides transportation services to
visit New England
BELT
7.3.1 MANUFACTURING BELT STATES
7.3.2 MAP OF MANUFACTURING BELT
• Name of the company : Hershey’s Chocolate
• Founded in 1894 in Lancaster, Pennsylvania
• Product : Chocolates
• Products are sold in over 60 countries worldwide
• Name of the company : Beaumont Health System
• Formed in 2014
• Location : Royal Oak, Michigan
• Largest health care system to provide patients with
compassionate and extraordinary care no matter
where they live in
• Name of the company : Chicago Bulls
• Founded in 1966 in Chicago, Illinois
• President : Michael Reinsdorf
• Profession : American professional basketball team
• Hall of Fame Players :
1. Michael Jordan (1984–1993 , 1995–1998)
2. Toni Kukoč (1993 – 2000)