You are on page 1of 21

PLASTIC

SUBMITTED BY
NEERAJ GAGANGRAS
2MB15AT007
Vsem
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
MSIAA 2017-18
DEFINATION
What is Plastic?
The Plastic is an organic substance and it consists of
natural or synthetic binders or resins with or without
molding compounds. It is also used as an engineering
material available in the market all over the world. To
know the importance of plastics as an engineering
material, it will be interesting to know about its
properties.
Composition of plastic: Organic Polymers + Carbon +
O2 + Nitrogen Sulphur+ Organic Polymers may include
: CHALK, STARCH, IVORY DUST, WOOD
FLOOR , ZINC OXIDE
USE OF PLASTICS IN DIFFERENT
ASPECTS OF THE
CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY

Plastic materials like polyvinyl


chloride (PVC) and
polyethylene are used to make
flooring less prone to wear
and tear.
Commonly made up of polyvinyl chloride
(PVC), CPVC, acrylonitrile butadiene
styrene (ABS) or polyethylene, plastic pipes
are flexible and very light in weight,
A structural insulated panel (SIP) is a sandwich of expanded
polystyrene amidst two slim layers of oriented strand
board.

Polyurethane spray is frequently used for insulation when


constructing green or low energy buildings.
Sound within buildings may be
general noise transmitted through walls and floors or a
specific noise from vibrating g machinery.
• To protect the outer surface of the roof from damage,
two layers of different plastic materials are required.

: The normal
structure of a plastic decorative laminate includes a
sheet of decorative paper sheet of decorative paper
impregnated (saturated) with one or more resins.
ADVANTAGES OF PLASTIC
• Corrosion resistance
• Low electrical and thermal conductivity, insulator
• Easily formed into complex shapes, can be formed,
casted and joined.
• Wide choice of appearance, colors and
transparencies
DISADVANTAGES OF PLASTIC
• Low strength
• Low useful temperature range (up to 600 o F)
• Less dimensional stability over period of time (creep
effect)
• A ging effect, hardens and become brittle over time
• Sensitive to environment, moisture and chemicals
• Poor machinibility
PROPERTIES
• APPEARANCE: Some plastics are completely transparent in appearance. With
the addition of suitable pigments, the plastics can be made to have appearance
of variety of attractive, opaque, stable and translucent colors.
• CHEMICAL RESISTANCE: The plastics offer great resistance to moisture,
chemicals and solvents. The degree of chemical resistance depends on the
chemical composition of plastics. Many plastics are found to possess excellent
corrosion resistance. Hence they are used to convey chemicals.
• DIMENSIONAL STABILITY: This property of plastic favors quite
satisfactory with that of other common engineering materials.
• DUCTILITY: The plastics possess excellent electric insulating property. They are
far superior to ordinary electric insulators.
MAINTENANCE: It is easy to maintain plastic surfaces. They do not require any
protective coat of paints.
MELTING POINT: Most of the plastics have low melting point and the melting
point of some plastics is only about 50 ͦC. They cannot therefore be used in
positions having high temperatures or to convey boiling water.
OPTICAL PROPERTY: Several types of plastics are transparent and translucent.

RECYCLING: The most environmentally aware people condemn the use of plastics
for the amount of pollution caused by them in disposal.
PROPERTIES
SOUND ABSORPTION: The acoustical boards are prepared by impregnating fiber-
glass with phenol resins. This material has absorption coefficient of about 0.67.
STRENGTH: An ideal section of plastics for structural member has yet not been
designed. The plastics are reasonably strong. The strength of plastics may be
increased by reinforcing with various fibrous materials. Following considerations
are responsible to discourage the use of plastics as the structural material:
THERMAL PROPERTY: The thermal conductivity of plastics is low and it can
be compared with that of wood. The foamed or expanded plastics are among the
leading thermal insulators.
TYPES OF PLASTIC Plastics can be divided into two major categories:
1. Thermoses or thermosetting plastics. Once cooled and hardened, these plastics retain their shapes and
cannot return to their original form. They are hard and durable. Thermoses can be used
for auto parts, aircraft parts and tires. Examples include polyurethanes, polyesters, epoxy resins and phenol
resins.

• 2. Thermoplastics. Less rigid than thermosets, thermoplastics can soften upon heating and
return to their original form. They are easily molded and extruded into films, fibers and
packaging. Examples include polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP) and polyvinyl chloride
(PVC).
• Let's look at some common plastics.
• Polyethylene terephthalate (PET or PETE): John Rex Winfield invented a new polymer in 1941
when he condensed ethylene glycol with terephthalic acid. The condensate was polyethylene
terephthalate (PET or PETE). PET is a thermoplastic that can be drawn into fibers (like
Dacron) and films (like Mylar). It's the main plastic in zip lock food storage bags. Because PET
is an excellent water and moisture barrier material, plastic bottles made from PET are widely
used for soft drinks (see carbonation). For certain specialty bottles, such as those designated for
beer containment, PET sandwiches an additional polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH) layer to further
reduce its oxygen permeability.
• Polystyrene (Styrofoam): Polystyrene is formed by styrene molecules. The
double bond between the CH2 and CH parts of the molecule rearranges to
form a bond with adjacent styrene molecules, thereby producing polystyrene. It
can form a hard impact-resistant plastic for furniture, cabinets (for computer
monitors and TVs), glasses and utensils. When polystyrene is heated and air
blown through the mixture, it forms Styrofoam. Styrofoam is lightweight,
moldable and an excellent insulator.
• Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC): PVC is a thermoplastic that is formed when vinyl
chloride (CH2=CH-Cl) polymerizes. When made, it's brittle, so manufacturers
add a plasticizer liquid to make it soft and moldable. PVC is commonly used
for pipes and plumbing because it's durable, can't be corroded and is cheaper
than metal pipes. Over long periods of time, however, the plasticizer may leach
out of it, rendering it brittle and breakable.

A polystyrene yogurt
container

PVC is used extensively in sewage


Polystyrene is
pipe due to its low cost, chemical
flammable
resistance and ease of jointing
TYPES OF PLASTIC
• Polyvinyl dine Chloride (Saran): Dow makes Saran resins, which are synthesized by
polymerization of vinyl dine chloride molecules (CH2=CCl2). The polymer can be drawn
into films and wraps that are impermeable to food odors. Saran wrap is a popular plastic for
packaging foods.
• Polyethylene, LDPE and HDPE: The most common polymer in plastics is polyethylene,
which is made from ethylene monomers (CH2=CH2). The first polyethylene was made in
1934. Today, we call it low-density polyethylene (LDPE) because it will float in a mixture
of alcohol and water. In LDPE, the polymer strands are entangled and loosely organized, so
it's soft and flexible. It was first used to insulate electrical wires, but today it's used in films,
wraps, bottles, disposable gloves and garbage bags.
• In the 1950s, Karl Ziegler polymerized ethylene in the presence of various metals. The
resulting polyethylene polymer was composed of mostly linear polymers. This linear form
produced tighter, denser, more organized structures and is now called high-density
polyethylene (HDPE). HDPE is a harder plastic with a higher melting point than LDPE,
and it sinks in an alcohol-water mixture. HDPE was first introduced in the hula hoop, but
today it's mostly used in containers.
• Polypropylene (PP): In 1953, Karl Ziegler and Giulio Natta, working
independently, prepared polypropylene from propylene monomers
(CH2=CHCH3) and received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1963.
The various forms of polypropylene have different melting points and
hardnesses. Polypropylene is used in car trim, battery cases, bottles, tubes,
filaments and bags.
• Polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon): Teflon was made in 1938 by DuPont. It's
created by polymerization of tetrafluoroethylene molecules (CF2=CF2). The
polymer is stable, heat-resistant, strong, resistant to many chemicals and has a
nearly frictionless surface. Teflon is used in plumbing tape, cookware, tubing,
waterproof coatings, films and bearings.

A chair with a
polypropylene seat
• THERMOSETTING PLASTIC
Thermoset plastic products are typically produced by heating liquid or powder within a
mold, allowing the material to cure into its hardened form. These products can be removed
from the mold even without allowing it to cool. The reaction used to produce
thermosetting plastic products is not always the result of heating, and is sometimes
performed by chemical interaction between specialized materials. Typical types of
thermosetting plastics are epoxies, polyesters, silicones and phenolics. Vulcanized rubber is
also an excellent example of a thermosetting plastic; anyone who has ever driven an
automobile can attest to the properties of a superheated tire— it burns but does not mold into
a new shape.

Each type of thermosetting plastic has a unique set of properties. Epoxies, for example,
exhibit elasticity and exceptional chemical resistance, and are relatively easy to cure.
Phenolics, while fairly simple to mold, are brittle, strong and hard. Because of their wide
range of characteristics, thermosetting plastics find use in an extensive variety of
applications, from electrical insulators to car bodies.
THERMOPLASTIC
• A thermoplastic, or thermosoftening plastic, is a plastic material, a polymer,
that becomes pliable or moldable above a specific temperature and solidifies
upon cooling.
• Most thermoplastics have a high molecular weight. The polymer chains
associate through intermolecular forces, which weaken rapidly with increased
temperature, yielding a viscous liquid. Thus, thermoplastics may be reshaped
by heating and are typically used to produce parts by various polymer
processing techniques such as injection molding, compression
molding, calendering, and extrusion. Thermoplastics differ
from thermosetting polymers, which form irreversible chemical bonds during
the curing process. Thermosets do not melt when heated: they decompose
and do not reform upon cooling.
POLYCARBONATE SHEETS
• It is a perfect combination of lightweight, high impact strength, light transmission,
frame-resistance, UV protection, anti-drop as well as charming appearance.
Clearpolycarbonate sheet is as transparent as glass, but weighs only a half. Lightweight
makes it easy to transport and install
• The polycarbonate sheets are currently being used instead of other materials such as
polyethylene membrane, toughened glass and glass. This has been due to the desirable
features they possess such as lightweight, high impact strength, UV protection and
better aesthetic value.

PROPERTIES
Impact Strength
Thermoclear sheet has outstanding impact performance over a wide temperature range, -40°C to +120°C,
and also after prolonged outdoor exposure

Hail Simulation
As a roof glazing material Thermoclear sheet is subject to extremes of weather ; storms, hail-stones, wind,
snowfalls and ice formation. Under these conditions, the product is virtually unbreakable and is able to
withstand the subsequent temperature change to sunny conditions without breaking or buckling.
ACRYLIC PLASTIC SHEETS
• 1. Properties of Plastic Sheets Sheets are seventeen times as strong as glass, making a great
substitute for glass. They also weigh half as much as an equivalent size of glass. Since they are
more durable and less breakable than glass, they are a safer substitute for glass. Perspex sheets
are also environment friendly in that they are hundred per cent recyclable. They are also food
safe, making them popular choices in several household uses and food packaging
industry. They are easy to glue, fabricate and bend without the need for specialized tools. They
have high longevities compared to glass. They do well in outdoor applications because of high
UV resistance. Light transmission is also exceptional because of the optical clarity.
• 2. Types: Created in the 1930s, they are now of two kinds based on manufacturing process
and performance: cell cast and extruded sheets. Cell Cast Acrylic Plastic Sheets: These are
extremely high quality with high strength and top grade technical properties. These are also
easy to handle, mould and use in machines. Extruded Acrylic Plastic Sheets: These types of
acrylic sheets have enhanced vacuum formability and are therefore useful in functions which
require complex shapes.
• 3. Applications: As a substitute for glass, acrylic plastics are popular in the
field of retail and point of purchase. Because of their transparency and high
break resistance, they are also ideal for exhibition displays where glass can be
a less safe alternative. Acrylic plastic sheets also find use in rear projection
screens where semi-transparent displays are illuminated by projectors behind
the screen. It may also be possible to create spherical displays with Plexiglas.
Plexiglas is also widely used in shop fittings and shelves as a durable and safe
alternative to glass. High quality moldable Plexiglas is used in field of model
making at small and industrial scales. Framing is another area where acrylic
plastic sheets also find application. These sheets are also used in signage.
Plexiglas has several architectural applications ranging from public aquarium
windows, submarines and ship windows. They are also used as transparent
walls for private and public pools, allowing the coach to observe swimmers
and divers.
FIBER REINFORCED PLASTIC
• Fibre-reinforced plastic (FRP) is a composite material made of a
polymer matrix reinforced with fibres. The fibres are usually glass,
carbon, aramid, or basalt. Rarely, other fibres such as paper, wood, or
asbestos have been used.
• FRPs are commonly used in the aerospace, automotive, marine, and
construction industries. They are commonly found in ballistic armor as
well.

• Failure modes:

Structural failure can occur in FRP materials when:

1. Tensile forces stretch the matrix more than the fibres,


causing the material to shear at the interface between matrix
and fibres.
2. Tensile forces near the end of the fibres exceed the
tolerances of the matrix, separating the fibres from the
matrix.
3. Tensile forces can also exceed the tolerances of the fibres
causing the fibres themselves to fracture leading to material
PLASTIC MANUFACTURERS
• Dow chemical:
Global sales: $49 billion
Dow is an American multinational chemical company headquartered
in Midland, Michigan. Dow provides chemicals, plastics, and
agricultural products and operates in approximately 35 countries.
• Lyondell Basell
• Exxon Mobil
• SABIC: Saudi Arabia Basic Industries
Dow chemical
Corporation
• INEOS: INspec Ethylene Oxide Specialities
• BASF
• ENI: Ente Nazionale Idrocarburi
• Chevron Phillips
• Lanxess

You might also like