MEL203 (Manufacturing with Non-Metallic Materials)

MANUFACTURING OF LCD PANELS

Presented by:
Nawed Diwan (2016meb1129)
Instructor : Dr. Harpreet Singh
What are LCDs?

 A liquid crystal display (LCD) is a type of display

technology that makes use of liquid crystals that
change their orientation when stimulated by an
electric current.
 LCDs are almost everywhere now-a-days.
 From watches and calculators to large televisions
and computer screens, all have displays made of
LCDs.

Image Source: Google Images

The Liquid Crystal

 Liquid crystals (LCs) have a state of

matter which has properties between
those of conventional liquids and those of
solid crystals. For instance, a liquid crystal
may flow like a liquid, but its molecules
may be oriented in a crystal-like way.
 Particular sort of nematic liquid crystal,
called twisted nematics (TN), make LCDs
possible.
 When an electric field is passed through
these molecules they align themselves in
particular fashion. a) Liquid crystal b) Liquid crystal
in natural aligned due to
twisted form external electric field
Working Principle
Liquid Crystal between
etched glass
(twisted)

Backlight Transparent
Electrodes

Polarisers
16 M colour
combinations
Colour Filters

Image Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0B79dGR19Tg

This happens 60 times per second in 60 Hz display panel
The Manufacturing Process
Preparing the glass Substrate

 The two glass substrates must be cut to the

proper size, polished, and washed.

 Polishing involves a process called lapping, in

which the glass is held against a rotating
wheel that has abrasive particles embedded
in it.

Reference :http://www.madehow.com/Volume-1/Liquid-Crystal-Display-LCD.html
Making the electrode pattern
 The transparent electrode pattern must be made on the
substrates.

 This is done by completely coating both front and rear

glass surfaces with a very thin layer of indium tin oxide.

 Manufacturers then make a mask of the desired pattern,

using either a silk-screening or photolithography process.

 Areas of indium tin oxide that are not needed are etched
away chemically.
Applying the polymer and the sealing resin

 The polymer allows the liquid crystals to align properly with

the glass surface.

 Polyvinyl alcohol, polyamides, and some silanes can be

used.

 A sealing resin is next applied to the substrates, followed by

plastic spacers that will give the liquid crystal cell the
proper thickness.
Injecting Liquid Crystal and Adding Polarisers

 Next, the Liquid Crystal is injected into the

appropriate are between the two glass substrates.

 After proper surface cleaning the polarizer foils are

attached in parallel to the rubbing direction of the
related polyimide layer to the front side and the back
side of the LCD panel. This is the last step of the main
LCD fabrication.
Cleaning and Inspection

 Several cleaning steps are necessary during the LCD

manufacturing process: Initial glass plate cleaning, cleaning
before spacer spray (after rubbing), cleaning before
attachment of polarizers, etc. Ultrasonic cleaning is used
frequently for these applications.
 Inspection of process results is required after several production
phases. Most important however is the final inspection. In many
cases this final inspection is done manually. However,
automatic inspection machines are available now also.
Future

 The future is clearly with active matrix LCDs, even

though the manufacturing process is so
expensive.

 In the case of AMLCDs, each LCD component

has to be changed to work properly with the thin
film transistor and electronics used to boost and
clarify the LCD image.
Thank You