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{ y = 0 + 1x
d=0
}
0
x
Nguyen Thu Hang, BMNV, FTU CS2 8
Example
• Model of wage determination
y 0 0 female 1educ 2 exp er 3tenure u
• H0: there is no difference between earnings of men and
women:
0 0
• H1: There is discrimination against women:
0 0
Control variables
wage= average hourly earnings
female=1 if female
educ =years of education
exper= years potential experience
tenure= years with current employers
Nguyen Thu Hang, BMNV, FTU CS2 9
Example
• Output
. reg wage female educ exper tenure
y
y = 0 + 1x
d=0
d=1
y = (0 + 0) + (1 + 1) x
D4 = 1 if BSc; 0 otherwise
D5 = 1 if MSc; 0 otherwise
1.5.Dummies with Multiple Categories
SSR1 / 2
~ 2 (n1 k 1)
SSR2 / 2 ~ (n2 k 1)
2
• ~ 2 (n k 1)
SSR / 2
H0 is rejected.
F
SSR SSR1 SSR2 n 2 k 1
SSR1 SSR2 k 1
Nguyen Thu Hang, BMNV, FTU CS2 34
The Chow Test- Example
• Output for female =1
. reg cumgpa sat hsperc tothrs if female==1
H0 is rejected.
F
547.36 143.68 390.62 732 2 3 1
4.42
143.68 390.62 3 1
• Model
cumgpa 0 o female 1 sat 1 female * sat 2 hsperc
2 female * hsperc 3tothrs 3 female * tothrs u
Null hypothesis:
0 0, 1 0, 2 0, 3 0
( 0 .2537 0.2354 ) / 4
F 4 .43
(1 0 .2537 ) / 724
(R R ) / q
2 2
F ur r
(1 Rur ) / df ur
Nguyen Thu Hang, BMNV, FTU CS2
2 41
Example-Output
test female= femalesat= femalehsperc=
femaletothrs=0
( 1) female - femalesat = 0
( 2) female - femalehsperc = 0
( 3) female - femaletothrs = 0
( 4) female = 0
F( 4, 724) = 4.42
• Prob > F = 0.0015
Nguyen Thu Hang, BMNV, FTU CS2 42
3. The dummy variables in seasonal analysis
• Many economic time series based on monthly or
quarterly data exhibit seasonal patterns.
Examples:
Sales of department stores at Christmas and
other major holiday times
Demand for money by households at holiday
times
Demand for ice cream and soft drinks during
summer
Prices of crops right after harvesting season,
demand for air travel, etc..
Nguyen Thu Hang, BMNV, FTU CS2 43
3. The dummy variables in seasonal analysis
Seasonal variables:
D1 = 1 if Q2, 0 otherwise
D2 = 1 if Q3, 0 otherwise
D3 = 1 if Q4, 0 otherwise
Regression model
Y 0 1 D1 2 D2 3 D3 0 X U
• Q1: Yˆ ˆ 0 ˆ0 X
Yi 1 1 X i 2 ( X i X * ) Di u i
where
Yi = sales commission
Xi = volume of sales
generated by the sales person
X* = threshold value of sales
D = 1 if Xi > X∗
= 0 if Xi < X∗