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Assignment #1 – Due 2pm Oct 22nd

“The Real Promise of Synthetic Biology”, Scientific


American (Feb 2010) page 32.
Type out summary in your own words
Use proper citations as outline in SSA001 course
One page max for summary
References can be on second page.
Hand in Hardcopy before 2 pm on Friday 22 nd
Submit electronic copy in “SafeAssign” in the
“Assignment” section of the course in “My Seneca”
No late Assignments accepted but early one will be

October 2010 Biology 173 Proteins 1


Proteins
Starr & Taggart (2008)
Cell Biology and Genetics

Chapter 3 – Molecules of Life


3.5 – Proteins – Diversity in Structure & Function
3.6 – Why is Protein Structure So Important?
Pages 44 – 47

October 2010 Biology 173 Proteins 2


Lecture Outline
Importance
Amino Acid Structure
Peptide Bond Formation
Peptides
Protein Structure

October 2010 Biology 173 Proteins 3


Protein
Most diverse biological molecule

Organic compound composed of one or


more chains of amino acids

Amino Acid Polymer

October 2010 Biology 173 Proteins 4


Biological Importance
“Proteio” = of primary importance
 Cell = 9 000 different proteins

 Body = 100 000 different proteins

Catalyst
 Enzymes  Speed up Chemical Reactions

Structural
 Spiderwebs, feathers, hooves & hair

Storage
 Store small molecules and ions

October 2010 Biology 173 Proteins 5


Biological Importance
Transport
 Across cell membranes & through body fluids

Protection
 Antibodies & Blood clotting

Regulatory
 Hormones

Motion
 Muscles

Nerve Impulses
 Receptors

October 2010 Biology 173 Proteins 6


Protein Structure
Composed of the Elements:
 Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen Nitrogen & Sulfur

Amino Acid is the Monomer


 Small organic compound

 Amine group (-NH2)

 Carboxyl group (-COOH)

 One of 20 different side chain “R Groups”

In water the functional groups ionize


October 2010 Biology 173 Proteins 7
Drawing

Amino Acid

October 2010 Biology 173 Proteins 8


Amino Acids
20 natural Amino Acids

Side Chain “R Groups”


 Differs in structure and properties

Amino Acids classified by the properties of side chain


 Polar vs Non-Polar

 Acidic vs Basic vs Neutral

Appendix V
 3 letters codes for each Amino Acid

October 2010 Biology 173 Proteins 9


Drawing

Amino Acids – Non-Polar Neutral


Glycine Alanine Valine Isoleucine

Leucine Phenylalanine Proline Methionine

October 2010 Biology 173 Proteins 10


Drawing

Amino Acids – Polar Neutral


Serine Threonine Tyrosine Tryptophan

Asparagine Cysteine Glutamine

October 2010 Biology 173 Proteins 11


Drawing

Amino Acids – Polar Basic


Lysine Arginine Histidine

Extra Amino Group

Positive Charge

October 2010 Biology 173 Proteins 12


Drawing

Amino Acids – Polar Acidic


Aspartic Acid Glutamic Acid

Extra Carboxyl Group

Negative Charge

October 2010 Biology 173 Proteins 13


Essential Amino Acids
Body cannot Synthesize them
Must be ingested
WHO Amino Acid Requirements
(mg/kg Body Wt/day)
Infants Children Boys
  Adults
(4-6 Mo) (2 Yr) (10-12 Yr)
Histidine 28 ? ? ?
Isoleucine 70 31 30 10
Leucine 161 73 45 14
Lysine 103 64 60 12
Methionine +
58 27 27 13
Cysteine
Phenylalanine +
125 69 27 14
Tyrosine
Theronine 87 37 35 7
Tryptophan 17 12.5 4 3.5
Valine 93 38 33 10

October 2010 Biology 173 Proteins 14


Peptide Bond
Carboxylic Acid + Amine
Condensation Reaction to create Peptide Bond

Carboxyl Peptide Amine

+ H2O
October 2010 Biology 173 Proteins 15
Peptide Bond
Amino Acid + Amino Acid  Dipeptide + Water
 Glycine + Alanine  Glycylalanine + Water

October 2010 Biology 173 Proteins 16


Drawing

Peptide Bond Formation

October 2010 Biology 173 Proteins 17


Polypeptide
Amino Acid Polymer
 DNA codes for what the sequence of Amino Acids will be

Short Chain Length = Peptide

Less than 10 amino acids


 Dipeptide, Tripeptide, …., Nonapeptide

Over 200 necessary for the human body


 Hormones

October 2010 Biology 173 Proteins 18


Vasopressin - Nonapeptide
Anti-Diuretic Hormone (ADH)
 Reduces volume of urine formed

 Conserves body water

 Raises blood pressure

October 2010 Biology 173 Proteins 19


Oxytocin - Nonapeptide
Causes contraction of smooth muscle
 Uterus (labour, induction)

 Mammary Glands (lactation)

October 2010 Biology 173 Proteins 20


Protein
Size
 Molecular Weight – 6000 – millions g/mol

 Single Amino Acid Residue ~ 110 amu

 Molecular Weight / 110 = # of amino acid monomers

Hemoglobin
C2952H4664O832N812S8Fe4
65,000 AMU
574 amino acid residues

October 2010 Biology 173 Proteins 21


Summary
Amino Acids
 Non-Polar Neutral

 Polar Neutral

 Polar Basic

 Polar Acidic

Peptide Bond Formation


Polypeptides

October 2010 Biology 173 Proteins 22

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