Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Things I
actually know
something about
(I’m no herpetologist)
This is like a detective novel where we are trying to find
out what happened 400+ MYA.
Amniotes
Urodela Gymnophonia
Anura
Urodela Gymnophonia
Anura
Urodela Gymnophonia
Anura
•1 Genus + 30 Species
•Mostly US
•Robust Bodies made for Digging
•Most Have Full Metamorphosis
(Axotyls)
•Some Paedomorphic Forms
•Prey Primarily on Inverts
•Ambystoma jeffersonianum, tigrinum, and texanum
ORDER: GYMNOPHONIA
I. Characters
A. Short Post-Anal Tail
B. No Limbs
C. Costal Grooves?
D. Paedomorphic
II. Fossil Record Dates to Early Jurassic (190 MYA)
A. Fossils from NA (What does this mean)
B. Had Legs in Fossil Records
C. Very Similar to Salamander Legs
D. Snakes Before Snakes
III. Biodiversity
A. ~170
B. Pantropical Except Central Africa
C. Systematics are a Mess
ORDER: ANURA
I. Characters
A. No Post-Anal Tail
B. No Limbs
C. No Costal Grooves
D. Caudal Vertebra Fused Urostyle (rod)
E. Vertebral Column Reduced
F. Elongate Hind Limbs
II. Triadobatrachus from Lower Triassic (230 MYA)
A. Madagascar
B. Poland
C. Same Arizona Deposit as a Caecilian
III. Biodiversity
A. ~4300 Species
B. Cosmopolitan Except Deserts and Tundra
C. Very Diverse In Tropics
Triadobatrachus massinoti
Modern Leptodactylus
Ascaphidae—Tailed Frogs
•Monotypic
•Ascaphus truei
•Tail is an Intermittent (“Penile”) Organ
•Highly Aquatic
•Fast Flowing Streams
•Pacific Northwest
•Tadpoles have oral suckers, which are sometimes used to climb
Paleobatidae—Spadefoot Toads
•3 Genera + 11 Species
•NA, Europe, and North Africa
•Keratin Spade on Foot
•Used to Dig
•Animals Emerge During Heavy Rains
•Explosive Breeders
•Rapid Metamorphosis
•Scapheopus holbrooki, Spea bombifrons
Bufonidae—Toads
•5 Genera + 30 Species
•Sub-Saharan Africa, Panama, Tropical South America
•Aquatic as Adults
•Odd Morphology
•Lack Tongues
•Claw-like Tips to Toes
•Dorsoventral Compression
•Well-developed Lateral Lines
•Official Lab Rat of Developmental Biology
•Xenopus
Myobatrachidae
•Racophoridae
•Leiopelmatidae •Leptodactylidae
•Bombinatoridae •Rhinodermatidae
•Discoglossidae •Pseudidae
•Megaphyridae •Allophrynidae
•Pelodytidae •Hemisotidae
•Rhinophrynidae •Artholeptidae
•Brachycephalidae •Petropedetidae
•Heleophrynidae •Hyperoliidae