VGA(Video Graphics Adapter)

& HDMI (High-Definition Multimedia Interface)

Presented by:
Christian S. Sealongo

VGA Interface 1
CRT Display Technology

 Cathode Ray Tube

 Electron gun fires electrons at the screen
 Electric field steers the electron (X field and Y field)
 Screen phosphor emits light when electron hits
 Electron beams scans the screen, left-to-right, top-to-bottom
 As the beam moves, we can set the brightness of each color
 We turn on each pixel for the right about of time
 We set the horizontal and vertical scan rate using SYNC signals
 HSYNC - horizontal scan frequency
 VSYNC - vertical scan frequency
 VGA - Video Graphics Adapter
 Ancient PC CRT interface standard
 But still used, just like the 8086 ISA

VGA Interface 2
VGA Timing

VGA Interface 3
One Frame

 Vertical Synch tells the monitor when to go back to the top

 The Blanking Interval turns off the video at the top and bottom
of the screen

VGA Interface 4
One Line

 Each frame is divided into many lines

 Horizontal synch tells the monitor to go back to the start of the
next line
 Each line is divided into pixels
 No timing signal: just change the value from one pixel to the next

VGA Interface 5
VGA Interface

 This is what the image really looks like

 Horizontal retrace during HSYNC
 Vertical retrace during VSYNC
 “Front porch”
 “Back porch”

HSYNC

Visible
Image

VSYNC
VGA Interface 6
Timing with a 12 MHz clock (XS40 clock)

 Line: 31.77 usec x 12 MHz = 381 clocks/line

 we will display 256 pixels/line
 one pixel/clock
 rest is front porch, back porch and HSYNC

 Frame: 16.784 msec x 12 MHz = 201,406 clocks/frame (!)

 201,406 / 381 clocks/line = 528 lines
 we can display 480 lines
 rest is front porch, back porch and VSYNC

VGA Interface 7
VGA Interface

 Row and column counts

0 x x+255 ? 381
0

HSYNC

Visible
Image

y+479

?
527
VSYNC

VGA Interface 8
VGA Interface

 Simple counting will work! HCNT

 HCNT 381 0 255 ? ?

 VCNT 527
0

HSYNC

Visible
VCNT Image

479

?
?
VSYNC

VGA Interface 9
VGA Interface

 When HCNT is (0, 255) and VCNT is (0, 479)

 Display the pixel at (x, y) = (VCNT, HCNT)
 When HCNT > 255

 When VCNT > 480

VGA Interface 10
VGA Interface

 Where does the pixel value come from?

 The image to be displayed is stored in memory
 “frame buffer”
 XS40 SRAM is 32Kx8
max image size =
6 bits/pixel = 2 bits each of RGB (modest color)
 Frame buffer model
 User fills memory with image
User can change the image by just writing to memory
 Monitor reads memory whenever it needs a pixel
 Memory is shared, but user doesn’t need to know what monitor is doing
modularization, information hiding
 VGA interface only needs to worry about reading the memory

VGA Interface 11
Pin Signal Description Pin Signal Description

1 Red Video 9 [KEY]

2 Green Video 10 Sync Ground

3 Blue Video 11 Monitor ID - Bit 1

4 Monitor ID - Bit 2 12 VGA 12C Serial Data

5 Ground 13 Horizontal Sync

6 Red Ground 14 Vertical Sync

7 Green Ground 15 VGA 12C Serial Clock

8 Blue Ground

VGA Interface 12
HDMI (High-Definition Multimedia Interface)
is a compact audio/video interface for transferring uncompressed digital
audio/video data from an HDMI-compliant device ("the source device") to a
compatible digital audio device, computer monitor, video projector, or digital
television. HDMI is a digital replacement for existing analog video standards.
can be used for any uncompressed video format, including standard, enhanced,
high definition, and 3D video signals; with up to 8 channels of compressed or
uncompressed digital audio
HDMI can use HDCP (High-bandwidth Digital Content Protection) to encrypt
the signal if required by the source device. CSS, CPRM and AACS require the
use of HDCP on HDMI when playing back encrypted DVD Video, DVD
Audio, HD DVD and Blu-ray Disc

VGA Interface 13
HDMI Connectors

 There are 5 types of HDMI

Connectors.
 Type A, B, C, D, E
 Type A Standard HDMI
Connector
 Type B has a 2 TMDS links.
(Dual Link HDMI) for Supper High
Resolutions >4K
 Type C is a smaller Version of Type E
Type A Automotive
 Type D is a Micro Version of Type
A
 Type E is for Automotive
applications

1
4 VGA Interface 14
HDMI Video Channels and Signals

 TMDS - Transition Minimized Differential Signaling

 During the Video Data Period, the pixels of an active video line are
transmitted during the horizontal and vertical blanking intervals,
audio and auxiliary data are transmitted within a series of packets.
The Control Period occurs between Video and Data Island periods.[
 DDC - The Display Data Channel
 a communication channel used by the HDMI source device to read
the E-EDID data from the HDMI sync device to learn what
audio/video formats it supports. The standard mode speed
(100 kbit/s) and allows optional support for fast mode speed
(400 kbit/s) used for HD Content Protection.
 Utility Line
 Is used for Ethernet and return Audio
 HPD - Hot Plug Detect
 CEC - Consumer Electronics Control
 command and control up-to ten CEC-enabled devices

VGA Interface 15
HDMI Channels

VGA Interface 16