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Transformation
Prof.G.K.Rajini
SELECT,VIT UNIVERSITY VELLORE
Features
• The bilinear transformation is a conformal mapping
that transforms the j axis into the unit circle in the
zplane only once.
• Thus avoiding aliasing of frequency components.
• All the points in the LHP ‘s-plane’ are mapped inside
• the unit circle of z-plane .
• All the points in the RHP of ‘s-plane’ are mapped
into corresponding points outside the unit circle in
the z-plane.
Mathematical Expression
for BLT
• Consider a linear equation for Analog filter
𝑏
• 𝐻 𝑠 =
𝑠+𝑎
𝑌(𝑠) 𝑏
• =
𝑋(𝑠) 𝑠+𝑎
• 𝑠𝑌 𝑠 + 𝑎𝑌 𝑠 = 𝑏𝑋(𝑠)
Contd..
• Transforming this to Differential equation
𝑑𝑦
• + 𝑎𝑦 𝑡 = 𝑏𝑥 𝑡 −−−−−−− −𝐸𝑞𝑛 𝐴
𝑑𝑡
𝑏 𝑓 𝑎 +𝑓(𝑏)
• 𝑓 𝑎 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑏 − 𝑎 .
2
Contd.
𝑡 ′
• 𝑦 𝑡 = 𝑦 𝑡 𝜏 𝑑𝜏 + 𝑦(𝑡0 ) where 𝑦 ′ 𝜏 = 𝑦 ′ (𝑡) + 𝑦 ′ 0
0
• T- Sampling Interval
𝑇
• 𝑦 𝑛𝑇 = 𝑦 ′ 𝑛𝑇 + 𝑦 ′ 𝑛𝑇 − 𝑇 + 𝑦 𝑛𝑇 − 𝑇 − 𝐸𝑞𝑛 − 𝑩
2
• Where
𝑛𝑇 − 𝑛𝑇 + 𝑇 𝑇
=
2 2
• Eqn A becomes
𝑌(𝑍)
• 𝐻 𝑍 =
𝑋(𝑍)
𝑏𝑇 −1
1+𝑍
• Where 𝐻 𝑍 = 𝑎𝑇
2
𝑎𝑇
1+ 2 − 1− 2 𝑍 −1
𝑇
• Multiply and divide by [1+𝑍 −1 ]
2
𝑏
• 𝐻 𝑍 =2 1−𝑍−1
+𝑎
𝑇 1+𝑍−1
𝑏
• 𝐻 𝑍 =
𝑠+𝑎
• Equating both
2 1−𝑍 −1
• 𝑠=
𝑇 1+𝑍 −1
• This relationship between s and Z is known as Bilinear
Transformation.
Contd.
• By converting continuous operation of integration
and differentiation to corresponding digital
operators can be traced to the Z=𝑒 −𝑖ω .
• The digital operators are formed from rational
fractions of polynomials in Z.
• iω are formed through exponential function.
• Aliasing Errors can be avoided.
Relationship between
Ω & ω [Analog & Digital Frequencies]
• Let z= 𝑟𝑒 𝑗ω and ------Eqn-A(Digital Domain)
• 𝑠 = σ + 𝑗Ω ------Eqn-B(Analog Domain)
2(𝑧 − 1)
𝑠=
𝑇(𝑧 + 1)
2(𝑟𝑒 𝑗ω −1) 2 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠ω−1+𝑗𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛ω
= =
𝑇(𝑟𝑒 𝑗ω +1) 𝑇 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠ω+1+𝑗𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛ω
2 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠ω−1+𝑗𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛ω 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠ω−1−𝑗𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛ω
=
𝑇 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠ω+1+𝑗𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛ω 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠ω+1−𝑗𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛ω
2 𝑟 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 ω−1+𝑟 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 ω+2𝑗𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛ω
=
𝑇 (𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠ω+1)2 +𝑗𝑟 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 ω
Contd.
2 𝑟 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 ω−1+𝑟 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 ω+2𝑗𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛ω
• =
𝑇 1+𝑟 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 ω+2𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠ω+𝑟 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 ω
• Separating real and imaginary parts
2 𝑟 2 −1 2𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛ω
• = +𝑗 −−− −𝐸𝑞𝑛C
𝑇 1+𝑟 2 +2𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠ω 1+𝑟 2 +2𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠ω
2 𝑟 2 −1 2 2𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛ω
• σ= & Ω=
𝑇 1+𝑟 2 +2𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠ω 𝑇 1+𝑟 2 +2𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠ω
Relationship between analog and
digital frequencies
• When r=1 then σ =0
𝜔 𝜔
2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔 2 2𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 2 𝜔
• Ω= = 𝜔 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛
𝑇 1+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔 𝑇 1+𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑇 2
2
−1 Ω𝑇
• Where 𝜔 = 2𝑡𝑎𝑛
2
2 𝜔
• Ω= 𝑡𝑎𝑛
𝑇 2
2𝜔 𝜔
• For small values of θ , Ω= =
𝑇2 𝑇