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 What is genetics?
 “Genetics is the study of heredity, the process in which a
parent passes certain genes onto their children.

 What does that mean?

 Children inherit their biological parents’ genes that
express specific traits, such as some physical
characteristics, natural talents, and genetic disorders.

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Match the genetic terms
to their corresponding
parts of the illustration.
 base pair
 cell
 chromosome
 DNA
(Deoxyribonucleic Acid)
 double helix*
 genes
 nucleus

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 nucleus chromosome

 base pair
 cell
 chromosome cell
 DNA
(Deoxyribonucleic Acid)
 double helix*
 genes
 nucleus base pair
(double
helix)
I DNA

genes

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H describes how some traits are
passed from parents to their children.
 The traits are expressed by g , which are
small sections of DNA that are coded for
specific traits.
 Genes are found on ch ___.
 Humans have two sets of _ (hint: a number)
chromosomes—one set from each parent.

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 Heredity describes how some traits are
passed from parents to their children.
 The traits are expressed by genes, which are
small sections of DNA that are coded for
specific traits.
 Genes are found on chromosomes.
 Humans have two sets of 23 chromosomes—
one set from each parent.

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Use library resources to define the following words and write
their definitions using your own words.
 allele:
 genes:
 dominant :
 recessive:
 homozygous:
 heterozygous:
 genotype:
 phenotype:
 Mendelian Inheritance:

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 an alternative form of a gene (one member of
a pair) that is located at a specific position on
a specific chromosome. These DNA codings
determine distinct traits that can be passed
on from parents to offspring. The process by
which alleles are transmitted was discovered
by Gregor Mendel

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segments
of DNA located
on chromosomes

A gene is the basic

physical and functional
unit of heredity. Genes,
which are made up of
DNA, act as instructions
to make molecules called
proteins 10
 The terms dominant and recessive describe
the inheritance patterns of certain traits. That
is, they describe how likely it is for a certain
phenotype to pass from parent offspring.

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 Homozygous refers to having identical
alleles for a single trait.

 Heterozygous refers to a pair of genes where

one is dominant and one is recessive —
they're different. Like all words with the
prefix hetero, this has to do with things that
are different — specifically genes.

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 all the observable characteristics of an
organism, such as shape, size, colour, and
behaviour,

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 the genetic constitution of an organism. The
genotype determines the hereditary
potentials and limitations of an individual
from embryonic formation through
adulthood.

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1. The inherited traits are determined by genes that
are passed from parents to children.

2. A child inherits two sets of genes—one from each

parent.

3. A trait may not be observable, but its gene can

be passed to the next generation.

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Each person has 2 copies of every gene—one copy
from mom and a second copy from dad. These
copies may come in different variations, known as
alleles, that express different traits.
For example, 2 alleles in the gene for freckles are
inherited from mom and dad:
 allele from mom = has freckles (F)
 allele from dad = no freckles (f)
 child has the inherited gene pair of alleles, Ff
(F allele from mom and f allele from dad).

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  Documented a particulate mechanism of
inheritance through his experiments with
garden peas

Figure 14.1

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 Mendel chose to work with peas
 Because they are available in many varieties
 Because he could strictly control which plants
mated with which

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 1 Removed stamens
APPLICATION By crossing (mating) two true-breeding from purple flower
varieties of an organism, scientists can study patterns of 2 Transferred sperm-
inheritance. In this example, Mendel crossed pea plants bearing pollen from
that varied in flower color. stamens of white
flower to egg-
bearing carpel of
purple flower

TECHNIQUE Parental
generation
(P)
Stamens
Carpel (male)
3 Pollinated carpel (female)
matured into pod

4 Planted seeds
from pod

TECHNIQUE
RESULTS When pollen from a white flower fertilizes Examined
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eggs of a purple flower, the first-generation hybrids all have purple offspring:
First
flowers. The result is the same for the reciprocal cross, the transfer all purple
generation
of pollen from purple flowers to white flowers. flowers
offspring
(F1)

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P Generation 
(true-breeding
parents) Purple White
flowers flowers

F1 Generation
(hybrids)

All plants had

purple flowers

F2 Generation

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branch of biology that deals with the
principles of heredity and variation in all
living things

came from the Greek word gen which

means to become or to grow ( coined by
William Bateson in 1906

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 seeks to understand the molecular and
physical bases of biological diversity
 to know the mechanisms resulting from the
biological diversities
 to learn the principles that govern heredity
from one generation to another

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 began with the work of an Austrian monk,
Gregor Mendel
 He discovered the hereditary characteristics
called the genes that are transmitted
between generations in uniform predictable
fashion

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 Inherited from generation to generation

 Provides information regarding the structure,

function, and other biological properties

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 by Aristotle in 19th century

 semen was formed everywhere in a man’s

body and reflected the characteristics of the
body part from where it was formed

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 by Jean Baptiste de Lamarck

 proposed to be the fundamental mechanism

of evolutionary change

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 by August Weismann
 germplasm or the sex cells perpetuated
themselves in reproduction generation after
generation

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 by Thomas Hunt Morgan and Calvin B.
Bridges

 the discovery of the sex chromosomes and by

the demonstration of the association
between specifis genes and specific
chromosomes

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 the development and maintenance of its own
unique, inherent pattern in dynamic interplay
with the environment are the central
problems of life
 the ability to transfer the system to the other
generation is the primary requirement for the
continued existence

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 the orderly variety of pattern and their
changes with time on a geological scale
constitute the accomplishment of organic
evolution
 similarities and differences in patterns of
human species are the basic understanding
and important to human welfare

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 Plant, Animal and Microbial Improvement
 Medicine
 Genetic Counseling
 Legal Application

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a. Berg’s construction (1972) of the first
recombinant DNA molecule in vitro.

b. Boyer and Cohen’s first cloning (1973) of a

recombinant DNA molecule.

c. Invention by Mullis (1986) of the polymerase

chain reaction (PCR) to amplify specific DNA
sequences

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Research is unpredictable, which helps
motivate scientists by making the work
exciting. (An example of unpredictability is
McClintock’s work with corn kernel color,
which led to the discovery of transposons).

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1. Genetics is often divided into four subdisciplines:
a. Transmission (classical) genetics deals with movement of
genes
and genetic traits from parents to offspring, and with genetic
recombination.
b. Molecular genetics deals with the molecular structure and
function of genes.
c. Population genetics studies heredity in groups for traits
determined by one or a few genes.
d. Quantitative genetics studies group hereditary for traits
determined by many genes simultaneously.
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2. Historically, transmission genetics developed
first, followed by population, quantitative
and finally molecular genetics.

3. Genes influence all aspects of an organism’s

life, and are relevant to all fields of biology.

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Chromosomal Basis of
Heredity

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