FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS

OF CHEMISRTY
CHAPTER 1
 WHAT IS CHEMISTRY
• It’s the branch of science that deals with the properties, structure &
composition of matter
• & the changes in the matter along with the energy associated by those
changes.
 GOAL OF CHEMISTRY

• There are three main goals of chemistry.

• 1. To feed the race.
• 2. To cure the sick.
• 3. To provide facilities to common men.
• Its only possible through experiments and researched based studies
over matter.
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FSyAehMdpyI&list=PL8dPuuaLjXt
PHzzYuWy6fYEaX9mQQ8oGr
 MAIN BRANCHES
• Physical Chemistry:
• Deals with the forces & principles involved with the combination of
atoms.
• Inorganic Chemistry:
• Deals with the properties of almost all the matter, including elements &
compounds except certain type of carbon compounds.
• Organic Chemistry:
• Deals with the properties of most carbon compounds except CO2, CO,
carbonates, carbides, cyanides etc.
 LOGARITHMS
• Logarithm was invented by Muslim Mathematician Al Khawarzami.
• Log is an operation on powers, it helps the scientists do large
measurements with ease.
• Lets see how..
• 22 = 4,
• in this expression 4 is the square of 2.
• Or you can say 2 is the square root of 4.Yes?
• What about the power?
• This power 2 or exponent is the log of 4 to the base 2.
• 23 = 8,
• 8 is the cube of 2 or 2 is the cube root of 8.
• What is 3?
• 3 is the log of 8 to the base 2.
• 34 = 81,
• 81 is the fourth power of 3 or 3 is the fourth root of 81.
• What is 4?
• 4 is the log of 81 to the base 3.
• What will be log of 1000 to base 10?
• Depends how much powers of 10 make 1000..
• 103 = 1000.
• 3 is the log of 1000 to the base 10.
• What about these?
• 10,000.
• 100.
• 10.
• 1.
• 0.001
 SOME RULES IN LOGARITHM
• log ( a x b ) = log a + log b
• log ( 100 x 1000 )
• = log 100 + log 1000
•=2+3=5
• log ( 0.001 x 10 )
• = -3 + 1 = -2
• log ( 0.1 x 1000 x 0.001 )
• = -1 + 3 – 3 = -1
• log ( a / b) = log a – log b
• log (10000 / 100)
•=4–2=2
• log (1000 / 0.001)
= 3 – (-3) = 3 + 3 = 6
• log an = n x log a
• log 1003
• = 3 x log 100
•=3x2=6
• log ( 100 x 0.1 x 10003 )
( 0.01 x 10 x 0.014 )

• = (2 – 1 + 3 x 3) – (-2 +1 + 4 x -2)
• = 10 – ( - 9)
• = 10 + 9
• = 19
 DEFINITION OF LOG
• Being an operation on numbers, log is defined in a mathematical way.
• Its different!!
• In an expression xy = z, y is the log of z to the base x.

log

n =z
y
base
 TYPES OF LOGARITHM
• 1. Natural log : Its base is 10, we shall be dealing with this type of log.
• 2. Scientific log: (invented John Nepier) Its base is any other number e.
• How to determine the log of 2534.
• 2.534 x 103
• Decimal fraction 2.534 is called the MANTISSA.
• Its always positive & can be found through logarithm tables.
• The exponent 3 is called CHARACTERISTIC.
• Its either positive or negative and is found by looking at the number.
 ACCURACY & PRECISION
• Every measurement has two possible answers:
• 1. The expected or theoretical value.
• 2. The actual or practical value.
• The deviation between these two is called ERROR.
• How close is the expected answer to the actual answer is called
ACCURACY.
 ERRORS

• There are two types of errors.

• 1. Determinate Errors or Scientific Errors:
• Whose reason can be determined.
• 2. Indeterminate Errors or Natural Errors:
• Whose reason can not be determined.
 DETERMINATE ERRORS

• There are two reasons for such errors:

• 1. Lack of handling the apparatus
• 2. Improper functioning of the instruments.
• These errors can be found and can be fixed.
 INDETERMINATE ERRORS

• Every measurement has a natural error associated with it.

• Such errors can not be assessed or fixed.
• So we take several replicate measurement of same
experiment & take an average of it.
• ∆x = (x1 + x2 + x3)/3
 PRECISION

• The closeness of several replicate measurements is called

Precision.
• A measurement can be:
• Accurate only.
• Precise only.
• Both accurate & precise.
• Neither accurate nor precise.