Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Brick
A brick is rectangular in shape and of size that can be conveniently handled with one
hand.
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Ingredients of good brick
earth
Sr no Ingredients Limit (%)
1 Silica 50-60%
2 Alumina 20-30%
3 Lime 10%
4 Magnesia < 1%
Ferric Oxide <7%
Alkalis <10%
5 Carbon Dioxide
Sulphur trioxide Very small percentage
Water
3
Function of Various
Ingredients
Silica
It enables the brick to retain its shape, impart durability, and prevent shrinkage and warping.
Excess of silica makes the brick brittle and weak on burning.
Alumina
Absorb water and renders the clay plastic. If it present in excess, it produce crack in brick on
drying.
Lime
Reduces the shrinkage on drying
Causes silica in clay to melt on burning and thus help to bind it
In carbonated form, lime lowers the fusion point.
Excess of lime causes the brick to melt and the brick looses its shape.
Magnesia
Affects the color and makes the brick yellow. In burning, it causes the clay to soften at slower
rate than does lime and reduces warping.
Iron
Gives red color on burning when excess of oxygen is available and dark brown or even black
color when oxygen available is insufficient. However, excess of ferric oxide makes the brick
dark blue.
4
Classification of Clay Bricks
Based on field practice
Clay bricks are classified as first class, second class, third class and fourth class based
on physical and mechanical properties.
First clay bricks
Thoroughly burnt and are of deep red, cherry or copper color
Surface should be smooth and rectangular, with parallel, sharp and straight edges
and square corners.
Should be free from flaws, cracks and stones
Should have uniform texture
No impression should be left on the brick when a scratch is made by finger nail.
A metallic or ringing sound should come when two bricks are struck against each
other.
Water absorption should be 12-15% of its dry weight when immersed in cold water
for 24 hours.
The crushing strength should not be less than 10 N/mm2
.
5
These bricks recommended for pointing, exposed face work in masonry
structures, flooring and reinforced brick work.
Cont’d…
Second Class Bricks
Are supposed to have the same requirement as the first class bricks except that
A little higher water absorption of about 16-20% of its dry weight is allowed.
These bricks are recommended for all important or unimportant masonry works
and centering of reinforced brick and reinforced cement concrete structures
6
Cont’d…
sound when struck against each other. Water absorption is about 25%
of dry weight.
7
Cont’d…
On strength
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Brick Masonry
Brick masonry is made of brick units, bonded together with mortar. Two essential components
of brick masonry are therefore.
I. Bricks
II. Mortar
Mortar acts as a cementing material and unites the individual brick units together to act as
a homogeneous mass. Following types of mortar may be used in brick masonry.
1. Cement Mortar
2. Lime Mortar
3. Lime-Surkhi Mortar
4. Mud Mortar
5. Lime-Cement Mortar 9
Cont’d…
Cement mortar are used for high-rise buildings, where strength is of primeimportance.
Lime mortar and lime-surkhi mortars are used for all types of construction
Mud mortar is used only for low-rise building which carry light loads.
Lime cement mortar known as guarded mortar or gauged mortar is made by mixing cement
and lime. The advantages are increased water retentivity, workability, bonding properties
and frost resistance. The mortar gives good and smooth plaster finish.
The chief properties of hardened mortar are strength, development of good bond with
building units, resistance to weathering and those of green mortar mixes are mobility,
playability and water retention. In addition, the mortar should be cheap and durable and
should not affect the durability of building units in contact. The joint made with mortar
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Some Definitions
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Cont’d…
Stretcher : A stretcher is the longer face of the brick (i.e. 19 cm x 9 cm) as seen in
the elevation of the wall. A course of brick in which all the bricks are laid as
stretchers on facing is known as a stretcher course or stretching course
Header : A header is the shorter face of the brick (i.e. 9 cm x 9 cm) . A course of
bricks in which all the bricks are laid as header on the facing is known as header
course or heading course.
Lap : Lap is the horizontal distance between the vertical joints of successive brick
courses.
Perpend: A perpend is an imaginary vertical line which includes the vertical joint
separating two adjoining bricks.
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Bed: Bed is the lower surface (19cm x 9cm) of the brick when laid flat
Cont’d…
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Cont’d…
Queen Closer: it is a portion of a brick
obtained by cutting a brick lengthwise
into two portions. Thus a queen closer is
a brick which is half as wide as full brick.
This is also known as queen closer half.
When a queen closer is broken into two
pieces, it is known as queen closer
quarter. Such as closer is thus a brick
piece which is one quarter of the brick
size.
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Cont’d…
King Closer
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Cont’d…
Beveled Closer
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Cont’d…
Mitred Closer
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Cont’d…
Bat : it is the portion of the brick cut across the width. Thus, a bat
smaller in length than the full brick. If the length of the bat is equal to
half the length of the original brick, it is known as half bat. A three
quarter bat is the one having its length equal to three quarter of the
beveled bat.
19
Cont’d…
Arris: it is the edge of the brick
Bull Nose: it is a special molded brick with one edge rounded (single bull
nose) or with two edge round (double bull nose). These are use in
copings or in such positions were rounded corners are preferred to sharp
arises.
Splays: these are special molded bricks which are often used to form
plinth. Splay stretcher (plinth stretcher) and splay header (plinth
header)
2
0
Cont’d…
Dogleg or angle : it is also special form of molded bricks which are
used to ensure a satisfactory bond at quoins which are at an angle
other than right angle. The angle and lengths of the faces forming
the dogleg vary according to requirements. These are preferred to
mitered closer.
21
Cont’d…
Frog or kick
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Cont’d…
Racking Back: It is the termination of a wall in a stepped
fashion
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Bonds in Brick Work
Bond is the interlacement of bricks, formed when they lay (or
project beyond) chose immediately below or above them. It is the
method of arranging the bricks in courses so that individual units
are tied together and the vertical joints of the successive courses
do not lie in same vertical line. Bond of various types are
distinguished by their elevation or face appearance. Bricks used in
masonry are of all of uniform size.
24
Cont’d…
Types of Bonds
25
Stretcher Bond
In this bond all the bricks are laid as stretchers on the faces of walls.
The length of the bricks are thus along the direction of the wall. This
pattern is used only for those walls which have thickness of half
brick, such as those used in partition walls, sleeper walls, division
walls or chimney stacks. The bond is not possible if the thickness of
the wall is more
26
Header Bond
Header bond is the one in which all the bricks are laid as headers
on the face of walls. The width of the brick are thus along the
direction of the walls. The pattern is used only when the
bearing walls.
27
Cont’d…
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English Bond
This is the most common used bond, for all wall thickness. This bond
is considered to be the strongest. The bond consist of alternate
courses of header and stretchers. In this bond, the vertical joints of
the header courses come over each other. Similarly, the vertical joints
of the stretcher courses also come over each other. In order to break
the vertical joints in the successive courses, it is essential to place
queen closer after the first header (quoin header) in each heading
course. Also, only header are used for hearting of thicker wall.
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Cont’d
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Cont’d…
1,3,5… Course 2,4,6 …
Course
2. Every alternate header comes centrally over the joint between two
stretchers in course below.
5. Wall of even multiple of half bricks (i.e. 1 brick thick wall, 2-brick
thick wall, 3- bricks thick wall) present the same appearance on both
faces. Thus a course showing stretchers on the front face will also
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show stretchers on the back face.
Cont’d…
5. Wall of odd multiple of half bricks (i.e. 1 ½ brick thick wall, 2 ½
brick thick wall etc.) will show stretchers on one face and header on
entirely of header.
face.
35
Cont’d…
8. A header course should never start with queen’s closer, as it will
get displaced. The queen’s closer should be placed just next to the
quoin header. Queen’s closers are not required in stretcher
courses.
9. Since the number of vertical joints in the header course are twice
the number of vertical joints in the stretcher course, the joint in
the header course are made thinner than the joints in the
stretcher course.
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Flemish Bond
In this type of bond, each course is comprised of alternate headers and
37
Cont’d…
In the double Flemish bond, each course presents the same
appearance both in the front face as well as in the back face.
Alternate headers and stretcher are laid in each course.
Because of this, double Flemish bond present better
appearance than English bond
38
Cont’d…
H Q H H
S S S
H Q H H
S S S
H Q H
H
S S S
H Q H H
S H S H S S
39
Cont’d…
Special Features of Double Flemish Bond
2. The facing and backing of the wall, in each course, have the same
appearance
4. In wall having thickness equal to odd multiple of half bricks, half bats
and three quarter bats are amply used.
44
Cont’d…
S B3
H
Q B3
S S B2 S S H S H S
S = Stretcher
Q= Queen’s Closer
B2 = Half Bat 45
1. English bond is stronger than Flemish bond for wall thicker than 1
½ brick.
bond
the facing and backing of the wall. In this bond, a header course is
provided after several stretcher course. Since the thickness of bricks are
different in the facing and backing, the vertical distance between the
the thickness of backing and facing bricks. Thus, if the nominal thickness
47
English Cross Bond
This is a modification of English bond, used to improve the
appearance of the wall. This bond combines the requirements of
beauty and strength. Special features of the bond are as follows:
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Cont’d…
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Brick on Edge Bond
This type of bond uses stretcher bricks on edges instead of bed.
This bond is weak in strength, but is economical. Hence it is used
for garden walls, compound walls etc. Bricks are kept standing
vertically on end. The bricks are arranged as headers and
stretchers in such a manner that headers are placed on bed and
stretchers are placed on edge thus forming a continuous cavity.
Due to this, the bond consumes less number of bricks.
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Dutch Bond
This is another modified form of English Bond. In this bond
the corners of the wall are strengthened. Special features of
this type of bond is as follows.
1. Alternative courses of headers and stretchers are provided
as in English bond.
2. Every stretcher course start at the quoin with a three-
quarter bat.
3. In every alternate stretcher course, a header is placed next
to the three-quarter brick bat provided at the quoin.
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Cont’d…
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Raking Bond
This bond is used in thick wall. In this type of bond, the bonding bricks are
kept at an inclination to the direction of the wall. Due to this, the
longitudinal stability of thick wall built in English bond is very much
increased. This bond is introduced at certain intervals along the height of
the wall. Special feature of raking bond is
1. The bricks are arranged in inclined direction, in the space between the
external stretchers of the wall
2. The raking or inclination should be opposite direction in alternate
courses of raking wall.
3. Raking bond is not provided in successive courses. It is provided at a
regular interval of four to eight courses in the height of a wall
4. The raking course is generally provided between the two stretcher
courses of the wall having thickness equal to even multiple of half- bricks,
to make the bond more effective.
Raking bonds are of two types:
Diagonal bond Herring-bone bond 53
Cont’d…
54
Zig Zag Bond
This bond is similar to herring-bone bond, except that the
bricks are laid in zig-zag fashion. This bond is commonly
used for making ornamental panels in the brick flooring
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Cont’d…
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Garden Wall Bonds
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Cont’d…
Garden wall English bond
Garden wall Flemish bond
Garden wall Monk bond
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Cont’d…
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Junctions
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Cont’d…
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Tee Junction
(a) External and Internal walls in English Bond
Tee junction is formed when the internal walls at its end
meets external wall at some intermediate position.
Tee-junctions can be either in English bond or in
Flemish bond
62
Cont’d…
Figure shows a one-brick thick external
wall and a half brick thick internal wall
(partition wall), both walls being
constructed in English bond. Bond is
obtained by making alternate courses of
internal wall entering into the stretcher
course of the main wall. Due to this, lap
of half brick is obtained through the
brick (shown shaded). Alternate courses
of both the walls remain unbonded
63
Cont’d…
Figure shows the tee junction
66
External wall in Flemish bond and
internal wall in English bond
It shows the Tee-junction for a brick
67
Cont’d
Figure shows the Tee-junction for 2 brick thick
external wall in Double Flemish bond and 1 ½
brick thick internal wall in English bond. Here
also, the header course of the cross wall
(internal wall) enters the main wall, thus
getting a lap of quarter brick. The tie brick
(header brick) is placed next to a queen closer.
Additional lap is obtained through the
stretcher brick of the same course of the
internal wall, which is placed adjacent to a ¾
brick bat of the main wall. The alternate
courses of both the walls remain unbonded.
68
Both external and internal
walls in double Flemish bond
Figure shows the Tee- junction for a 1-brick thick main wall and ½ brick
thick cross wall, both being constructed in Double Flemish bond. The
stretcher bricks of alternate courses of the cross wall enter into the
main wall through half brick length. Due to this, it is necessary to place
a half-brick bat adjacent to it, in the main wall. The alternate courses
of each wall remain unbonded.
B2 = Half Brick 69
Cont’d…
Figure shows the Tee-junction for a
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Cross Junction or Intersection
A cross-junction is formed when two
internal walls cross each other at right
angles. One of the walls may be called as
the main wall while the other of lesser
thickness as cross wall.
73
Cont’d…
Fig. (c) shows a cross junction
75
Cont’d…
Fig. show a squint junction between
unbonded.
76
Cont’d…
77
Squint junction in Double
Flemish bond
Fig. Shows the squint junction for
the walls constructed in Double
Flemish bond. These junctions
are quit difficult to be
constructed.
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Load Bearing Walls
Load bearing walls are those which are designed to carry
super-imposed loads (transferred through roofs etc.,) , in
addition to their own weight (self weight). Non-load-bearing
walls carry their own load only. They generally serve as
divide walls or partition walls. The external non-load bearing
wall, commonly related to framed structure is termed as
panel wall.
79
Cont’d…
Load bearing walls may further be divided into following steps
b) Cavity wall
c) Faced wall
d) Veneered wall
81
Faced wall
It is a wall in which the facing and backing are of two different
materials which are bonded together to ensure common action
under load
Veneered wall
82
Cont’d…
In order to carry vertical loads, the wall has to be continuous
from top to bottom. Ideally, openings should be rather narrow
on the elevation.
83
Cont’d…
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Stability of load bearing walls
In order to resist the horizontal loads, walls rely on either
their own thickness, or the support provided when two walls
meet at right angles. In modern buildings there is no need to
use the very thick walls and adequate stability can usually be
achieved either by having a lot of intersecting walls or by
articulating the wall itself to provide both strong modelling
and stability.
85
Cont’d…
86
Cont’d…
An external wall will be subjected to horizontal wind
loads. It must be able to resist the effect of the wind,
which will be either to overturn the wall as a unit, or to
bend a panel of walling inward or outward between its
supports. In this respect, a load bearing wall is stabilized
to some extent by the effect of the vertical load on top of
it. Because of being attached to a floor or roof structure at
the top of the wall, it also is stabilised more than a
freestanding wall would be.
87
Cont’d…
88
Multi-storey load bearing
buildings
Buildings up to 10 or 12 storeys have been constructed from
loadbearing brickwork, both in Australia and overseas. In these
cases the structural requirements become more severe, both
because of the additional load of the building, and also because of
the increased effect of wind loads. Usually the strength of the
bricks and of the mortar have to be increased, and it is common for
the lower storeys to require full-brick (230mm) thick walls, at least
in parts.
(up to a meter or more), because of the heavy loads to be carried and, before
the use of cement mortar, the low strength of the joints. Modern masonry
bricks and mortar, but often a framed structure allows more freedom in the
A structural frame of reinforced concrete or steel can support the loads of the
floors and roof, and also of the non-load bearing walls. The external walls
then perform all the 'enclosure' functions. Each wall panel also carries its own
weight and resists wind and seismic loads, but only those that act on the
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panel itself.
Arrangement of supports
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Brick Panel Walling
A wall panel is single piece of material, usually flat and cut
into a rectangular shape, that serves as the visible and exposed
covering for a wall. Wall panels are functional as well as
decorative, providing insulation and soundproofing, combined
with uniformity of appearance, along with some measure of
durability or ease of replacability. While there is no set size
limit for a piece of material fulfilling these functions, the
maximum practical size for wall panels has been suggested to
be 24 feet by 8 feet, to allow for transportation
93
Cont’d…
Use of wall panels can reduce construction costs by providing a
consistent appearance to the paneled surface without requiring
the application of paint or another finishing material. Wall panels
may be finished on only one side, if the other side is going to be
the wall.
94
Cont’d…
95
Reinforced Masonry
Reinforced brick work is the one in which the brick masonry is
strengthened by the provision of mild steel flats, hoop iron, expended
mesh or bars. It is adopted or used in the following circumstances:
1. When the brick work has to bear tensile and shear stresses
(i) hoop steel bars, (ii) mild steel bars (iii) mild steel flats
(iv) Expended metal. The reinforcement is laid either
horizontally or vertically.
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Horizontal Reinforcement
Horizontal Reinforcement for wall
consists of either (i) wrought iron
flat bar, known as hoop iron, or (ii)
steel mesh.
98
Cont’d…
Mild steel flats may also be used in
place of hoop iron. It is usually to
reinforce every 6th course (width 22
to 32 mm and thickness 0.25 to
1.6mm). Protection against rust is
provided by dipping the bars in hot
tar; these are then at once sanded
to increases the adhesion of the
mortar.
99
Cont’d…
Another form of horizontal r/f, which is more
commonly used, is the provision of steel
meshed strips called Exmet (Expended
Metal). It is provided at every third course.
Sizes available are (width 65 mm, 178 mm and
230 to 305 mm, with thickness of 0.6 mm, 0.8
mm and 1 mm). To prevent the corrosion, the
metal in the coil form is coated with oil and
then dipped in asphaltum paint. Cement
mortar is first trowelled on the bed and the
Exmet is uncoiled and pressed down in the
mortar. Another form of meshed r/f, called
bricktor, is made of a number of straight
tension wires (1.4 mm) interlaced with binding
wires (1.1 mm). One such strip is provided for
102
Cont’d…
Brick retaining walls are often reinforced
104