1.

Types of Engineering Materials

2. Engineering Materials
Composition
3. Bonding and Molecules
 What is Engineering Materials?

Materials that are used as raw material

for any sort of construction or
manufacturing in an organized way
not only in the field of engineering, but
in a day to day basis because of their
properties and characteristics.
 What is Engineering Materials?

These materials enable people to

explore in the design and
implementation of new products to
improve the quality of our modern life.
Proper study of these materials is
necessary in order to exploit all the
great characteristics that makes us
want a better lifestyle.
Engineering Materials
 Metals

A kind of engineering material made

with mostly metallic and small amount
of non metallic elements.
Can be classified as ferrous and non-
ferrous
 Metals

Ferrous Non Ferrous

Pure Non Non
Ferrous Ferrous
Pure Ferrous Metals Alloys
Ferrous Alloys
Metals Copper Alum. Brass Bronze Solder
Steel

Iron Zinc Tin Copper Copper Lead

+ + +
High Zinc Tin Tin
Speed Lead Silver
Steel Alloying
High Speed Steel .
Cutting Tools Gold Mercury

Mercury is the only non

ferrous metal that is liquid
at room temperature.
 Ferrous Metals
Metals that consist mostly of iron and small amounts of
other elements. Ferrous metals are prone to rusting if
exposed to moisture. Ferrous metals can also be picked
up by a magnet. The rusting and magnetic properties
in ferrous metals are both down due to the iron.
Typical ferrous metals include mild steel, cast iron and
steel.

Examples:
1. Mild Steel.
2. Cast Iron.
3. High Carbon Steel.
4. High Speed Steel. Rusting
5. Stainless Steel.
Magnetism
 Non – Ferrous Metal
Metals that do not have any iron in them at all. This
means that Non-ferrous metals are not attracted to a
magnet and they also do not rust in the same way
when exposed to moisture. Typical Non-ferrous metals
include copper, aluminum (coke cans), tin and zinc.

Examples: Lead

1. Aluminium.
2. Copper.
3. Zinc.
4. Tin.
5. Lead.
6. Silver.
7. Gold. Tin
8. Magnesium. Zinc
 Ceramics
Inorganic, nonmetallic materials that consist of metallic and
nonmetallic elements bonded together primarily by ionic
and/ or covalent bonds

Its chemical compositions vary considerably, from simple

compounds to mixtures of many complex phases bonded
together.

Ceramics used for engineering applications, can be divided

into two groups: 1) Traditional ceramic materials
2) Advanced ceramic materials

Typically hard and brittle with low toughness and ductility

Usually good electrical and thermal insulators

Normally have relatively high melting temperatures and

high chemical stability in many hostile environments
Ceramics
 Glass

Glassy materials are hard, brittle, and non-

crystalline. The lack of crystalline grains often
results in optical transparency. The glass we
are used to is a ceramic usually consisting of a
mixture of silicates or sometimes borates or
phosphates formed by fusion of silica or of
oxides of boron or phosphorus with a flux
and a stabilizer into a mass that cools to a
rigid condition without crystallization.
 Polymers
Plastics/polymers are made up of millions of
repeated links to make long molecules or
networks that are tangled or crosslinked
together. Almost all polymers use carbon
atoms in very long chains. The carbon atoms
may be attached to other carbon, oxygen,
nitrogen, and hydrogen atoms. Polymers may
or may not have an orderly arrangement of
atoms.
 Composite Materials
Composites are mixtures of two or more
bonded materials. Composites are the mixture
of multiple materials, which in combination
offer superior properties to the materials
alone. Structural composites usually refer to
the use of fibers which are embedded in a
plastic. These composites offer high strength
with very little weight.
Advance Materials
 Conductors

Material which contains movable electric

charges called electrons. These electric
charges will move when an electric potential
difference is applied across separate points on
the material. This flow of charge is what is
meant by electric current.
 Insulators

Material that resists the flow of electric

current. An insulating material has atoms
with tightly bonded valence electrons. These
materials are used in parts of electrical
equipment intended to support and separate
electrical conductors without passing current
through themselves.
 Semiconductors

Material that has a resistivity value between that of a

conductor and an insulator. The conductivity of a
semiconductor material can be varied under an
external electrical field. Devices made from
semiconductor materials are the foundation of modern
electronics, including radio, computers, telephones,
and many other devices. Solar photovoltaic panels are
large semiconductor devices that directly convert light
energy into electrical energy.
Composition of Materials
 Atoms
We used to say that the atom was the smallest unit of
which matter was composed and indivisible. Also, the
atom is considered as the basic structural unit of
matter.

Each atom is composed of a positively charged nucleus

surrounded by a sufficient number of negatively
charged electrons so that the charges are balanced and
neutrons which carry no charge. The number of
electrons identifies the atomic number and the element
of the atom.
 Structure of an Atom
Atoms have three
basic particles:
1. Proton
2. Neutron
3. Electron

The protons
and neutrons are
found inside the
Key nucleus. The
Proton electrons orbit the
Neutron nucleus on shells.
Electron
 Structure of an Atom

shell
electron

proton
nucleus
neutron
 Atoms
When the atoms have gained or lost one or more
electrons, it is called as Ions.

Losing of an electron makes the atom

electropositive since there will be a positively
charged proton without its balancing electron.
Such an ion is called positive ion.

While gaining an electron makes the atom

electronegative since there is no spare positively
charged proton in the nucleus to balance the
additional electron. Such an ion is called negative
ion.
Ions
Cations and Anions
 Arrangement of electrons
Electrons are arranged in shells that move around
the nucleus situated in the center of the atom.

Shell (n)
1st shell 2 electrons
2nd shell 8 electrons
3rd shell 18 electrons
4th shell 32 electrons
 Why atoms form bonds
Electrons are in energy levels around
the nucleus (electron cloud).
The higher the energy level, the more
energy is required for an electron to
occupy that part of the cloud.
The outermost part of the electron
cloud contains the valence electrons –
that is the valence shell.
Maximum number of valence electrons
in an atom is 8.
 Bonding of atoms
When two or more atoms, either of one type
or different types of atom, are joined together
chemically, the unit which is produced is
called a molecule. This process is called
chemical bonding.
 Chemical Bonding
A chemical bond is a lasting attraction
between atoms that enables the formation of
chemical compounds. The bond may result
from the electrostatic force of attraction
between atoms with opposite charges, or
through the sharing of electrons
 Atoms are stable
when they have 8
valence electrons.
When the atoms
have 8 electrons, it
is called an octet.
Atoms must lose,
gain or share
electrons to attain
the octet.

 Atoms that form bonds with other atoms by sharing

them or transferring them is known as the Octet
Rule.
There is always an exception!

Hydrogen and Helium

Hydrogen needs only
one more to fill its
valence shell.
Helium has a full
valence shell – it is
stable and does not
bond with other
atoms.
 Bond…. Chemical Bonds
Ionic Bonds
They are formed when atoms gain
or lose electrons.
If the compound has a metal, then it
is an ionic bond.
Ex. xx
Na Clx x
x
xx
 Ionization
When atoms gain or lose an electron, they
become an ion.

A Na atom has 11 positively charged protons

and 11 negatively charged electrons.
When it loses 1 electron to become more stable, it has 11
protons (+) and 10 electrons (-) and has a +1 charge.

Cl has 17 protons.

When Cl gains 1 electron to complete the octet, it has 17

protons (+) and 18 electrons (-).

It is now an ion with a –1 charge.

 Opposites Attract

Since the Na has a + charge and the Cl has a –

charge, the two atoms are attracted together
and form an ionic bond.

They have a 1:1 ratio when they combine…..

 Covalent Bonds
Atoms that share electrons form covalent bonds.

If the atoms have a covalent bond and are the

same type of atom…. They are diatomic
molecules.
Ex.

xx xx
x
x Cl
xx
x
x Cl
x
x
xx
Element Bonding Formula
Hydrogen H-H H2
Oxygen O-O O2
Nitrogen N-N N2
Fluorine F-F F2
Chlorine Cl-Cl Cl2
Bromine Br-Br Br2
Iodine I-I I2
 Hydrogen Bonds

A hydrogen bond is the attractive force

between the hydrogen attached to an
electronegative atom of one molecule and an
electronegative atom of a different molecule.

Usually the electronegative atom is oxygen,

nitrogen, or fluorine, which has a partial
negative charge.
 Example of Hydrogen Bond

Each hydrogen atom is covalently bonded to the

oxygen via a shared pair of electrons. Oxygen also has
two unshared pairs of electrons. Thus there are 4 pairs
of electrons surrounding the oxygen atom, two pairs
involved in covalent bonds with hydrogen, and two
unshared pairs on the opposite side of the oxygen
atom. Oxygen is an "electronegative“ atom compared
with hydrogen.
 Metallic Bonds

Metallic bonding is the type of bonding

found in metallic elements. This is the
electrostatic force of attraction between
positively charged ions and delocalized
outer electrons.
Metallic bonding refers to the interaction
between the delocalized electrons and the
metal nuclei.
 Example of Metallic Bond

As the metal cations and the electrons are oppositely

charged, they will be attracted to each other, and also
to other metal cations. These electrostatic forces are
called metallic bonds, and these are what hold the
particles together in metals.
So you ask…. “How do I know if it is
covalent or ionic?”
Ionic bonds are formed by the attraction
of two oppositely charged particles.
Covalent bonds are formed when atoms
share electrons.
Typically bonds between metals and
nonmetals form ionic bonds.
Bonds between two nonmetals form
covalent bonds.