Deformation of Solid

• Stress and Strain

• Young’s Modulus
• Extension-force graph and stress-strain graph
Stress and Strain (Tegasan dan Terikan)
Small 𝐹 (𝑁)
𝑆𝑇𝑅𝐸𝑆, σ =
Large 𝐴 (𝑚 . 𝑚)
𝐹Ԧ 𝐹Ԧ
A
A

Stress Stress
 𝐷𝐸𝐹𝑂𝑅𝑀𝐴𝑇𝐼𝑂𝑁
𝑆𝑇𝑅𝐴𝐼, ε =
𝑂𝑅𝐼𝐺𝐼𝑁𝐴𝐿
𝐹Ԧ
𝐹Ԧ

Large strain
ΔL
ΔL
L0
L0

Small strain
 𝑆𝑇𝑅𝐸𝑆𝑆
• If = ‘LARGE’
𝑆𝑇𝑅𝐴𝐼𝑁

𝑆𝑇𝑅𝐸𝑆𝑆
• If = ‘ SMALL ‘
𝑆𝑇𝑅𝐴𝐼𝑁

For linear dimension,

𝑆𝑇𝑅𝐸𝑆𝑆
= Young Modulus
𝑆𝑇𝑅𝐴𝐼𝑁

Strong material Weak material

Tensile and Compressive Stress and Strain
• Bar is under compression A

𝐹Ԧ
𝐹Ԧ

L0
ΔL
𝐹
𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 =
𝐴
−∆𝐿
𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 =
𝐿𝑜
• Bar is under tension

𝐹Ԧ
𝐹Ԧ

L0 ΔL
𝐹
𝑇𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 =
𝐴

∆𝐿
𝑇𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 =
𝐿𝑜
Young’s Modulus

𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝐹ൗ
𝐴
= ∆𝐿ൗ = Young’s Modulus,E
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝐿𝑜

Al E = 7.0 x 10 10 Nm-2

Brass E = 7.0 x 10 10 Nm-2

Discussion
Discuss the affect of tensile and compressive strength in

i) I-Beam

ii) BONE Strength (Femur)

 Activity: How strong clay can be!
• 6 or 7 books, each smaller than
1-inch (2.5-cm) thick, totaling ~
10 lbs (~4.5 kg)
• modeling clay piece, 1 inch x 1
inch x 3 inches (2.5 cm x 2.5
cm x 7.6 cm)
• measuring stick or ruler with
1/16-inch (1-mm) marks
• Materials Data Sheet

• Let’s see how strong clay can be. Balance the books on the clay. Starts with one and work your
way up!
• Don’t forget to measure in between the books.
• Gather materials and make copies of the Materials Data Sheet
Stress- strain Graph
Vocabulary
• Strain (terikan): The elongation or contraction of a material per unit length of the material.
• Stress (tegasan): Applied load divided by the material area it is acting on (typically the cross-sectional area of
the member).
• Brittle(rapuh): the inability of a material to deflect or yield before failure.
• Compression (tekanan): A pushing force that tends to shorten objects.
• compressive strength (kekuatan mampatan): The amount of compressive stress that a material can resist
before failing.
• Compressive stress (tegasan mampatan):
• Ductile (mulur): The ability of a material to be subjected to large strains before it ruptures or fails.
• modulus of elasticity/ modulus young : (E) Indicates the stiffness of a material.
• tensile stress tegasan tegangan: Stress that pulls a material apart.
• tensile strength: Applied load divided by the material area it is acting on.
• tension: A pulling or stretching force that tends to lengthen objects.
• Yield strength : The maximum amount of stress a material can