Basic Computer Literacy

Basic Computer Training Program for LGU

Bayawan City Employees

Prepared By:
Information Technology Section

Version 2.0
Different types of Personal Computer Systems
 Desktop Computer
- All-In One Desktop PC
- Full Tower, Mid-tower
 Laptop or Notebook
 Net book
 Tablet
 ipad
 Mac Book
 Smart Phones
 etc..
 What’s inside my computer?
7
• A typical personal 6
computer system is
modular by design. 8

9
1. Display 1
2. Input Device 10
3. Pointing Device
4. Optical Drive
5. Magnetic Drive
6. Motherboard 4
7. CPU
8. Memory
9. Expansion Cards 5
10. Power Supply 2
3
 Peripheral Devices
 A peripheral device is an
internal or external device
that connects directly to a
computer but does not
contribute to the computer
primary function.

– Keyboard
– mouse
– Printer / scanner
– External Drive, DVD, HDD
– Projector
– Fingerprint scanner
– etc..
 Input Device - Keyboard
 An input device used
to enter text into a
computer.
 Form Factor
– Standard
– Multimedia
– Ergonomic
– Wireless
– Virtual
– On screen
– Foldable
Keyboard Form Factors

PS2 Connector USB Connector

 Input Device - Others
 Various input devices are now
commercially available that
were very expensive years ago.
– Fingerprint Scanner
– Iris Scanner
– RF ID
– POS Barcode Scanner
 Pointing Devices
 A mouse functions as a
pointing device by
detecting two-dimensional
motion relative to its
supporting surface
 Form Factors
– Ordinary
– Trackball
– Optical
– Laser
– Scroll Wheel
– Wireless
– Digitizer
– Touchpad
– Touchscreen
 Hard Disk Drive
Typical HDD Label
 Brands
– Seagate
– Maxtor
– Western Digital
Head on top of
 Why is a HDD very sensitive? the shiny platter
– The layer between the head
and the platter is less than the
width of a hair.
HDD Rack
 Possible Problems
– Fragmentation
– Loose connection
– Bad Sectors
– Clicking noise

SATA Power Adaptor

 Motherboard
 Provides the
electrical and logical
connections by
which the other
components of the
system
communicate
 Form Factors
– AT
– ATX
– Micro ATX
– BTX
 Central Processing Unit (CPU)
 The component in a
digital computer
capable of executing a
program.
 A multi-core processor
is a single chip
containing more than
one microprocessor
core, it can increase
the speed only if the
OS is designed for
multiple CPU.
 CPU Benchmark is used
to measure CPU speed
 A CPU generates 50°C
of heat and needs to
be cooled
 CPU Varieties
 Famous brands  Possible problems
 Intel – Incompatible CPU
– Intel Core i series; i3,i5,i7 – Obsolete CPU
– Core 2 Duo – Overclocked CPU
– Itanium – Non functional fan
– Celeron – Overheating CPU
– No thermal compound
 AMD – Dented CPU pins
– Athlon XP/64
– Sempron  Upgrading
– Opteron – Moore’s law
 Others  CPU doubles in speed and half
in prices every 18 months.
– Cyrix
– Is only possibly within a year of
– Giga Pro purchase.
– VIA – Obsolete CPU normally fetch only
a fraction of their original value
 Memory
 Used as 'main memory' or primary
storage: the working area used for
loading, displaying and
manipulating applications and data.
 Measured in Megabytes / Gigabytes
– 256Mb (minimum for XP)
– 512Mb
– 1Gb (minimum for Vista)
 Recent Types
– EDO / DIMM
– DDR
– DDR2
 Speed
– PC400 / 533 / 667mhz
 Brands
– Kingston
– TwinMos
– Corsair
– PQI
 Memory – How much do you need?
 How Much Do You Need?
 It's been said that you can
never have enough RAM,
especially if you do a lot of
graphics-intensive work or
gaming.
 Next to the CPU itself, RAM is
the most important factor in
computer performance
 If you don't have enough,
adding RAM can make more of a
difference than getting a new
CPU!
 If your system responds slowly
or accesses the hard drive
constantly, then you need to
add more RAM.
 Another question is how
much Video RAM (VRAM)?
 Low end motherboards have
built in video cards which shares
RAM.
 16Mb of Shared RAM is enough
for office applications
 64Mb – 128Mb For:
– Common Games
– Desktop publishing
– Image Editing
 256Mb + For:
– High end games
– Video Editing
– 3D Graphics
 Power Supply
 Convert AC Line from the mains to
usable low-voltage DC power for
the internal components of the
computer.
 Rated in wattage
– 300w
– 450w (Core 2 Duo)
– 500w
 Form Factor
– AT
– ATX
 Can turn on remotely using a
signal from the motherboard
 No need to shut down the
computer
– Redundant Power Supply
 Power Management
 A feature that turns off the power
or switches the system to a low-
power state after a period of
inactivity.
 All recent (consumer) computers
have Advanced Configuration and
Power Interface (ACPI) power
management support.
 Hibernation Support - also known
ambiguously as sleep mode) where
the contents of RAM is written to
hard disk before powering off the
system. Later the system can be
restored to the state it was in, so
that programs can continue
executing as if nothing happened.
 Factors that affect Overall speed
 CPU Speed and Technology (Pentium, Core Duo, Opteron)
 BUS Speed FSB (800, 1066)
 Hard Disk (7,200 rpm, 10,000 rpm, IDE, Serial-ATA)
 RAM Type (DDR, DDR2, Dual Channel)
 Ram Size (256mb, 512 Mb, 1Gb)
 Ram Speed (PC400, PC533, PC667)
 Chipsets (Intel, NForce, Sis, Via)
 Video Card (Built-in, NVdia, ATi)
 Operating System and Drivers

 Possible problems
– Fast CPU Slow Chipset
– Fast CPU Low Memory
– Fast CPU Slow Video Card
 External Devices
 Are usually used as backup
devices or to transfer from
files to another PC.
– USB Flash Drives USB Knife Flash Drive
– External HDD
– Network Attached Storage
(NAS)

 Possible Problems
– Virus infection
– Slow USB Port
USB Hub

HDD Enclosure
 Printers
 Types of Printers
– Laser
 Heavy Duty
 Waterproof printouts
 Medium Running Cost
 High Initial Cost
 Color Lasers cost 20,000+
– Inkjet
 Photo Quality HP LaserJet P2335
 High Running Cost (if using
original inks)
 Medium Running Cost (if using
refill)
 Low Initial Cost (for low end)
 Light Duty Printing
– Dot Matrix
 Poor quality
 Can be carbonized Epson WorkForce ET-3750
 High initial cost
 Low Maintenance
 Heavy Duty
 Printers
Epson L360
 What is a multi-function device?
– A multi-function device (MFD) --
sometimes called a multi-
function printer -- copies, prints,
scans, and faxes all from one
physical unit.

 Brand Comparison
– Epson / Cannon
 Head is integrated into printer,
very expensive to replace when
damaged
 Less expensive cartridge
 Cheap compatible cartridge
– HP
 Head is built into ink cartridge
 Expensive to replace cartridge
 Cartridge can only be refilled 3x Ink cartridges
 Uninterruptible Power Supply and AVR

 Provides short term power during

power outages
 Rated in wattage (watts/VA)
– 350VA
– 500VA
– 600VA
 Rated in runtime
– Minutes it can last for a given load
 Surge Protection
– Protects the PC from power spikes,
usually protects only once.
 AVR – Provides AC line regulation
– Ordinary AVR included in PC
provide very little regulation. PCs
run fine without them.
– Servo type regulators provide best
line regulation.
Operating System & Application
 The Operating System
 The operating system
controls all of the
other programs.
 The operating system
is always running.
 The operating system
manages all of the
computers files.
 Operating System
 Manages the sharing of
the resources of a
computer
 Services
– Process management
– Memory management
– Disk and file systems
– Networking
– Security
– Graphical user interfaces
– Device drivers
 Classification
– Multi-user
 Allows two or more users to
run programs at the same
time.
– Multiprocessing
 Supports running a program
on more than one CPU.
– Multitasking
 Allows more than one program
to run concurrently.
– Multithreading
 Allows different parts of a
single program to run
concurrently.
 Operating System
 Famous OS
– Linux
 One of the most
prominent examples of
free software and open
source development.
– Mac
 A line of proprietary,
graphical operating
systems developed,
marketed, and sold by
Apple Inc.
 Application Software
 Application software
allows you to do
practical work, such as
type documents,
manage accounts, surf
the web, etc.
 Some examples
include Powerpoint,
Excel, Word, Internet
Explorer, etc.
Networking Essentials
 Why do I need a Network?
 Communicate and collaborate (i.e., e-mail and
newsgroups)
– Win Pop
 Share information (i.e., document sharing)
– Net Meeting
– Smart Minds Gabriel
 Share resources (i.e., printers and servers)
– Sharing computer files and disk space
– Sharing high-quality printers
– Access to common fax machines
– Access to common modems
– Multiple access to the Internet
 Networking Basics
 A network is any collection  Network Infrastructure
of independent computers – LANs (Local Area Networks)
that communicate with one – WANs (Wide Area Networks)
another over a shared – Internet
network medium. – Intranet
 The development of
standard networking
protocols and media has
resulted in worldwide
proliferation of networks.
 Network Infrastructure
 LANs (Local Area Networks)  WANs (Wide Area Networks)
– Are networks usually – Combines multiple LANs that
confined to a geographic are geographically separate
area, such as a single – Accomplished by connecting
building or a college the different LANs using
campus. services
 Leased phone lines
– Can be small, linking as  Dial-up phone lines
few as two computers,  Satellite links
but often link hundreds of – Wide area networking can
computers used by be as simple as a modem
thousands of people. and remote access server,
or it can be as complex as
hundreds of branch offices
globally.
 Network Infrastructure
 Internet  Intranet
 A system of linked networks that  A private network utilizing Internet-
are worldwide in scope and type tools, but available only within
facilitate data communication that organization.
services such as  Provides an easy access mode to
– Remote login corporate information for employees.
– File transfer  Localized version of the internet.
– Electronic mail
– World Wide Web
– Newsgroups / BLOGS
 Initially restricted to military and
academic institutions
 The only network infrastructure
that can withstand a nuclear war.
 Network Standards
 Ethernet
– It strikes a good balance
between speed, cost and
ease of installation.
– Wide acceptance in the
computer marketplace
– Ability to support virtually all
popular network protocols
– The most popular physical
layer LAN technology in use
today
 Fast Ethernet / Gigabit
Ethernet
– Raises the Ethernet speed
limit from 10 Megabits per
second (Mbps) to 100/1,000
Mbps with only minimal
changes to the existing cable
structure
– Gigabit Ethernet is a
technology that promises a
migration path beyond Fast
Ethernet so the next
generation of networks will
support even higher data
transfer speeds.
 Network Standards
 Wireless Ethernet 802.11 / Wifi  Bluetooth
– Is now often used for
increasingly more applications,
– Is a short-range wireless
including consumer electronics radio technology that allows
such as televisions and DVD electronic devices to connect
players. The region covered by to one another with ranges
one or several access points is 30 ft to 60ft.
called a hotspot.
 Speed
– 802.11b – 11mbps
– 802.11g – 54mbps
– 802.11n – 400mbps
 Topologies
 Geometric
arrangement of nodes
and cable links
 Two general
configurations:
– Bus
– Star.
 ERGONOMICS

 Ergonomics is the science

and the art of fitting the job
and the work place to
workers’ needs.

 It is a way to make
jobs/task fit the employees
better.

 It is a way to make work

easier.
 TYPES OF ERGONOMICS

 Physical ergonomics is the

human body’s response to
physical and physiological work
loads. Repetitive strain injuries
from repetition, vibration,
force, and posture fall into this
category.
 Cognitive ergonomics deals
with the mental processes and
capacities of human when at
work. Mental strain from work
loads, decision making, human
error, and training fall into this
category.
 Consequences of Bad Posture

 Poor posture comes from sitting too comfortably

without sitting straight up. Here are some
consequences:

 Low back pain

 Shoulder pain
 Neck pain
 Headaches
 Disk and scar tissue damage
 High Blood pressure
 WHAT TO DO..?
 Warm up & stretch before activities
that are repetitive, static or prolong.

STRETCH
 Take frequent breaks from any
sustained posture every 20-30
minutes.

 Respect pain-positions or stop painful

activity recognize early signs of
inflammatory.
 Be aware of workstation environment.
Proper Posture While working at a Computer
Preventive Maintenance & Basic PC Care
 Contributors to PC Failure

 Excessive Temperature
 Dust Build-up
 Power-line Problems
 Corrosion
 Magnetic Fields
 Basic Preventive Maintenance

 Eliminate source of dust in the room

and check surface for dust
accumulation.
 Keep your PC dust free inside and
outside.
 Keep the cooling vents clear.
 Clean your computer system unit
using paint brush and or dry soft
cloth.
 Arrange and secure all cables in a
fixed position.
 Get started with computer maintenance

 Organize files and folders

– If you save all your files in a
single folder, it can quickly
become cluttered

 Delete files you don't need

anymore.
– To prevent your computer from
running out of storage space,
it's a good idea to remove files
that you no longer need.
 Get started with computer maintenance

 Remove programs you don't

need anymore.
– Unused programs waste space
and can slow down your
computer.
 Make your computer more
secure.
– Install antivirus software
– Install antispyware software
– Back up your computer
 Stay up to date
automatically.
Do’s & Don'ts for you Computer Safety
 Do’s
– Do install antivirus and antispyware
software.

– Do shutdown properly: when you wish

to turn off system use proper
shutdown procedure.

– Back up your computer important

document /data regularly.

– Delete unnecessary files: Keeping

unnecessary files consumes memory
space & unwanted application which
slow-down system’s performance by
consuming more memory RAM.
Do’s & Don'ts for you Computer Safety
 Do’s

– Do verify that the system is protected

against electrical surges by using UPS
or surge protector.

– Keep your computer operating in a

cool & dust free environment.

– Keep Firewall on: While browsing

internet turn on the firewall option,
this will block you from visiting virus
and malware attacked websites.

– Do install Windows updates.

Do’s & Don'ts for you Computer Safety
 Don’ts
– Don’t obstruct the air inlets and
outlets, leave some space between
the computer & the wall.

– Don’t do anything inside the computer

unless you know what you are doing
& your authorize to do so.

– Do not smoke, drink, or eat near your

computer.

– Do not delete files or folders from

your computer that you did not
create..
Do’s & Don'ts for you Computer Safety

 Don’ts
– Don’t download unknown
software from the Internet.

– Don’t open unexpected e-

mail attachments.
PC Common Problem & Solution
PC Common Problem & Solution