MATHEMATICS

MATH E01P02
Week Week Of General Topic Topic Notes
1 23/09/2007 Limits and continuity 1.1 Introduction to limits
1.2 Definition of limit
1.3 Techniques of finiding limits
2 30/09/2007 1.4 Limits involving infinity
1.5 Continuous functions
3 07/10/2007 The derivative 2.1 Tangent lines and rates of change
2.2 Definition of derivative
2.3 Techniques of differentiation
4 14/10/2007 1st Midterm (10%)
5 21/10/2007 2.4 Derivatives of trigonomitric functions
2.5 The chain rule
2.6 Implicit differntiation
2.7 Related rates
6 28/10/2007 2.8 Linear approximations and differentials
2.9 Newton's method  
7 04/11/2007 Applications of the derivative 3.1 Extrema of functions
3.2 The mean value theorm
3.3 The first derivative test
3.4 Concavity and the derivative test
3.5 Summary of graphical methods
8 11/11/2007 3.6 Optimization problems
3.7 Velocity and acceleration
3.8 App. To ecconomic, etc.
9 18/11/2007 Integrals 4.1 Antiderivatives and Indefinte integrals

4.2 Change of variables in indefinite integrals

4.3 Summation notation and area
4.4 Definite integral
4.5 Properties of definite integrals  
4.6 The fundamental theorem of calculus
4.7 Numerical integration
10 25/11/2007 Logarithmic and Exponential Functions 7.1 The derivative of the inverse function
7.2 The natural logarithm function
7.3 The exponential function

7.4 Integration using natural log. & exp. func.

7.5 General exp. & log. functions

11 02/12/2007 Inverse Trig. And Hyperbolic Functions 8.1 Inverse trigonomitric functions 2nd Midterm (10%)
8.3 Hyperbolic & inv. hyp. functions
12 09/12/2007 Techniques of Integration 9.1 Integration by parts
9.2 Trigonomitric integrals
9.4 Integrals of rational functions
13 13/01/2008     Revision  
 Contents

Extrema of a function
Rolle’s theorem
The mean value theorem
(J.L. Lagrange)
 Extrema of functions
At extrema points we have: horizontal tangent ( f’= 0)
or corner/ sharp peak ( f’ does not exist)
y

local min. &

local max. and local min.

global min. f(x)
local max. &
global max.

local max.
local min.

end point end point

x
a b
The tested interval [closed]
 Computing extrema points
To compute the extrema points of a function f

1-Get critical points:

A number c in the domain of f is a critical point of f if either f’(c)=0

or f’(c) does not exist.

2-Compute the value of f at:

--- Critical numbers
--- End points of the given interval

3-Graph the function (if requested) to check graphically

 Example
If f (x) = x3-12 x, find the maximum and minimum values of f on the closed interval
[-3,5] and sketch the graph of f
1-Computing critical points:
f’ = 3x2-12 put f’ = 0 get x =+2 & x =-2
2-Compute the value of f at critical points and at end points:
f (+2)=-16 Global extrema (gobal min.) 70

60
f (-2)=16 Local extrema (local max.) 50

f (-3)=9 40

f (5)=65 Endpoint extrema (gobal max.) 30

20

10

0
3-Sketch of f  -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
-10

-20

-30
 Problems
If f (x) = (x-1)2/3+2, find the maximum and minimum values of f on the closed
interval [0,9] and sketch the graph of f Show also the types of the extrema
points (endpoint, corner, sharp peak, etc.)

Find critical numbers for the following functions:

f ( x)  ( x  5) 2 3 x  4
f ( x)  6 x 5  33 x 4  132 x 3  90 x 2
f ( x)  3 x 2 (2 x  1)
x2 1
f ( x)  2
x  x6
f ( x)  6 x  4 cos(3x)
 Rolle’s theorem
y If f is continuous on a closed interval [a,b]
y=f(x)
and differentiable on the open interval (a,b)
and if f(a)=f(b),
then f’(c)=0 for at least one number c in (a,b)
f(a) f(b) or then f has at least one critical number in
a b x the open interval (a,b)

y y y=f(x)

y=f(x)
f(a) f(b) f(a) f(b)
a b x a b x
 Problems
If f (x) = 4x2-20x+29 show that: f satisfies the hypotheses of Rolle’s theorem
on the interval [1,4] and find all real numbers c in the open interval (1,4) such
that f’(c)=0. Sketch the graph of f and show the results graphically.

14

First: f is polynomial  it is continuous function 12

Second: f (1)=13 f (4)=13

10
So f satisfies Rolle’s
hypotheses in [1,4] 8

6
f’ = 8x-20 f’ = 0
4
 x = 5/2=2.5
The point 2.5 is in [1,4] 2

0
1 2 3 4
 The mean value theorem

If f is continuous on a closed interval [a,b] and

differentiable on the open interval (a,b), then there
exists a number c in (a,b) such that:
f (b)  f (a )
f (c) 
ba

Or, equivalently:
y slope  f (c)

f (b)  f (a )  f (c)(b  a ) c
f (b)  f ( a)
slope 
ba

f(a) f(b)
a b x
 Problems
Determine all the numbers c which satisfy the conclusions of the mean value
theorem for the following function:
f (x) = x3-8x-5 on [1,4] Show the results graphically

30
f (x) = x3-8x-5 25

f (1)=-12 f (4)=27 20

f’(x) = 3x2-8 15

10
f (4) – f (1) = f’(c)(4 - 1)
5

27-(-12)=(3c2-8)(4 - 1) 0
1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
c =7
2 -5

c 7 c  7  2.65 -10

The one which in [1,4] -15

-20
 Theorem

Let f be continuous on [a,b] and differentiable on (a,b):

If f’(x) > 0 for every x in (a,b),

 then f is increasing on [a,b]
If f’(x) < 0 for every x in (a,b),
 then f is decreasing on [a,b]
 Example
If f(x) = x3 + x2 – 5 x – 5 , find the intervals on which f is increasing and intervals on
which f is decreasing, find roots of f. Then sketch the graph of f
f’(x) = 3 x2 + 2 x – 5 = ( 3 x + 5 )(x – 1)
Put f’(x) = 0 get x=-5/3 & x=1  critical points

x =– 2  x =0  x =2 
f’(-2)=+3 f’(0)=-5 f’(2)=+11
f is increasing f is decreasing f is increasing

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

Roots:
f(x) = x3 + x2 – 5 x – 5 = x2 (x +1) –5 (x +1)
= (x +1) (x2 –5) put f(x)=0
get x=-1 & x=+2.236 & x=-2.236
 First derivative test
Let c be critical number for f, and suppose that f is continuous at c and differentiable on an open
interval I containing c, except possibly at c itself.

-If f’ changes from (+) to (-) at c, then f(c) is local max.

-If f’ changes from (-) to (+) at c, then f(c) is local min.
-If f’>0 or f’<0 for every x in I except x=c then f(c) is NOT a local extremum of f

y y y
+ f’ - f’ f(c) - f’
- f’ f(c) + f’
f(c) - f’

a c b x a c b x a c b x
 Example
2
If f  x 3 ( x 2  8) , find the local extrema, and sketch the graph of f

2 2  13
f   x (2 x)  ( x  8) x
3 2
x = 0  f’(0) does not exist
3
2( x 2  8) As x0 from left: f’+ (e.g.:
 2x x 
3 2
f’(-0.01)=+24.754  f is increasing)
33 x
f0  x 2 As x0 from right: f’- (e.g.:
f’(+0.01)=-24.754  f is decreasing))
f x0

-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4

Roots f  0 
x =– 2  x =2 
x  0 or x   8
f’(-2)=-4.23 f’(-2)=+11
f is decreasing f is increasing
 Test of Concavity
If f’’ does exist on an open interval I:

y 2 3 y
1
5
4 4

5 3
1 2

x x
Slope is decreasing Slope is increasing
f’decreasing f’increasing
f’’ < 0 or f’’(-) f’’ >0 or f’’(+)
Concave Downward Concave Upward
 Second derivative test
Suppose that f is differentiable on an open interval containing c and f’(c)=0:
If f’’(c)<0, then f has a local maximum at c
If f’’(c)>0, then f has a local minimum at c

y y

c c
x x
f’ = 0 f’ = 0
f’’ < 0 or f’’(-) f’’ >0 or f’’(+)
Local Max. c is a critical number for f but not all Local Min.
critical numbers of f are c because the
condition above is for f’(c)=0 and not
for f’(c) does not exist
 Point of Inflection
A point (c, f(c)) on the graph of f is a point of inflection if the following conditions
are satisfied: PI: is not essential to be critical number for f

--- f is continuous at c (but may be not differentiable)

--- there is an open interval (a,b) containing c such that graph is concave upward on
(a,c) and concave downward on (c,b), or vice versa
1
2

y f’’ does not exist

1
PI 2
PI PI
1
PI
1 2 1 2
2 2
1 x
CU CD CU CD CD CU
Slope is increasing Slope is increasing Slope is decreasing Slope is increasing
Slope is decreasing Slope is decreasing
 Revision example
If f(x) = x3 + x2 – 5 x – 5 , find the intervals on which f is increasing and intervals on
which f is decreasing, find roots of f. Then sketch the graph of f
f’(x) = 3 x2 + 2 x – 5 = ( 3 x + 5 )(x – 1)
Put f’(x) = 0 get x=-5/3 & x=1  critical points

x =– 2  x =0  x =2 
f’(-2)=+3 f’(0)=-5 f’(2)=+11
f is increasing f is decreasing f is increasing

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

Roots:
f(x) = x3 + x2 – 5 x – 5 = x2 (x +1) –5 (x +1)
= (x +1) (x2 –5) put f(x)=0
get x=-1 & x=+2.236 & x=-2.236
 Example
If f(x) = x3 + x2 – 5 x – 5 , find the intervals on which f is concave upward and is
concave downward, find roots of f. Then sketch the graph of f
Critical numbers f’(x) = 3 x2 + 2 x – 5 = ( 3 x + 5 )(x – 1)
Put f’(x) = 0 get x=-5/3 & x=1

at x = –5/3  at x = 1

Concavity test & PI f’’(-5/3)=-ve f’’(1)=+ve

f’’(x) = 6 x + 2 f has local Max. f has local Min.

Put f’’(x) = 0 get x=-1/3

If x > -1/3 f’’=+ve -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

If x < -1/3 f’’=-ve

Roots:As before
 1st D. against2nd D. test
-Using f’ test is too lengthy because we have to consider more than one interval. Whereas
using f’’ is straightforward to determine the local min. or local max.
-But sometimes f is not twice differentiable! i.e. f’’ does not exist!  In these cases we can
not use f’’ test
-Even when f’’ exists  sometimes it is difficult to find (too lengthy expression; especially
for rational functions!)
-In some cases f’’ cannot help (even if f’’ does exist!)
f(x)=x4 so f’= 4 x3 and f’’=12 x2
Critical numbers  put f’ = 0 get x = 0
At x = 0  f’ = 0 and f’’=0 (we have no clue whether f’’ is (+) or (-))
Examining for PI  x(before 0)=-0.1 f’’=(+) and x(after 0)=+0.1 f’’=(+) so no PI
So we have to use f’ test: Interval 1 (from x= - to 0 choose x=-1) f’=(-)  f is decreasing
Interval 2 (from x= 0 to + choose x=+1) f’=(+)  f is increasing
so at x = 0 we have local min.
 Guidelines to graph a function
--- Find the domain of f
--- Study the continuity of f (continuous; discontinuous: removable, jump, infinite; corners, sharp peaks)
--- Find x & y intercepts (put x = 0 and get f(0) & put f(x)=0 and get x (roots))
--- Study the symmetry (even and odd functions)
About y-axis About x-axis About origin
substitute –x for x substitute –y for y substitute –x for x and
gives the same equation gives the same equation -y for y gives the same equation
(e.g. y = x2) (e.g. y2=x) (e.g. 4 y = x3)

--- Find critical numbers (f’=0 or f’ does not exist)

--- Use the f’ test and/or f’’ test to find local max and min, PIs, concavity (upward or downward)
intervals. Do not forget to compute the value of f at critical numbers and at PIs
--- Find Asymptotes
HL asymptote VL asymptote
y  lim f ( x) lim f ( x)  
x  xa

--- Graph the function; you can compute the value of the function at extra points; if needed.
 Problems
Using the former guidelines, sketch the graph of the following functions:

2x2 x4  4
f ( x)  2 f ( x)  3
x 1 x 1
1 2x 2
f ( x)  3 f ( x) 
x  x2  6x 9  x2
2
2x x 9
2
f ( x)  2 f ( x) 
x x2 2x  4
 Example 1
An open box with rectangular base is to be constructed from a rectangular sheet of cardboard 16 m wide
and 21 m long by cutting square from each corner and then bending up the resulting sides. Find the size of
the corner square that will produce a box having the largest possible volume.
21 The volume V  ( 21  2 x )(16  2 x) x  4 x 3  74 x 2  336 x
21 – 2 x
x dv
 12 x 2  148 x  336
dx
16
dv
16 – 2 x For max. volume  0  x  9.33 & x  3
dx
2
Check for local max. d v  24 x  148
2
dx
d 2v
 24(3)  148  76  ()
dx 2 x 3
The max.volume

V x 3
 4(3)3  74(3) 2  336(3)  450
 Optimization Problem

In optimization problem we search for values of the independent variable to

maximize or to minimize a function (usually called the objective function)
In the former example: we have our objective function is the volume and we want to
maximize it

Usually (in this course) we should have our objective function in terms
of only one independent variable. If we have more variable we need to
use the given geometric relationships (we will call them constraints) to
have a function in one independent variable
we will see that in the coming example

There is another use of the constraints is to remove any none matching

values we obtain for the independent variable
Such as when we removed the illogical value of x = 9.33
 Example 2
A circular cylindrical metal container, open at top, is to have a capacity of 24 m3. The cost of the material
used for the bottom of the container is three times the cost for the material used for the curved part. Find
the dimensions of the container that will minimize the cost of the used material.

Abase   r 2  cost  Cbase  3 r 2

Aside  2 rh  cost  Cside  2 rh
h
Objective function
Total cost C  3 r 2  2 rh with two variables!

r
48 The objective function
C  3 r 2 
Constraints: r with one independent variable
V   r 2 h  24
24 Check local max./min. dC  6 r  48  0  r  2
h 2 dr 2
r
r
h6
Check local min. dC  6  96   56.55  ()
dr  r 3  r  2
 Related ratesagainstOptimization

We have y = f (x) only one function having one independent variable

In related rates, we differentiate w.r.t. time, then we compute

the required rate at a certain time frame

In optimization problem we differentiate w.r.t. the

independent variable (x) then we search for local max. or
local min.
 Example 3
A metal wire having length of 60 m. It is proposed to create two shapes out of this wire. One is
equally-sided triangle and the other is circular. In which part the wire has to be cut in order to
give the sum of the two shapes areas is: 1) Maximum 2) Minimum

60 m
dA(   )
x y  10.082r  36.276
dr
x  2 r For local max./min:
y  3a a  12.46
r dA(    )
 0  r  3.598 x  22.61
3
a dr
2
a y  37.39
Check second derivative:
A   r 2 1 3 3 2
A  (a)( a)  a  d 2 A(    ) 
2 2 4  2   10.082 (+)local MIN.
x  y  60  2 r  3a  60  dr  r 3.598
2 A  40.67 A  67.23 A(    )  107.90
a  20   r
3
3 2
A(    )   r 2  a  5.041r 2  36.276 r  173.205 Where is the local MAX.????
4
 Example 3
60 m 60 m

y = 60 x = 60

x0 x  60
y  60 y0
A  0 A  286.48
A  173.21 These two are two local max. A  0
A(    )  173.21 (endpoint local max.) A(    )  286.48

Remember, always, we have to check endpoints for local max./min.

 Summary: Optimization Problem

We understood what is: objective function? and constraints?

In this course we have objective functions with only one independent variable, but in engineering
practice, we could have several variables, so we need partial derivatives, and we could have even
more difficult situations, such as: having unknown function (we need to use numerical methods
coupled with optimization package) or we cannot compute derivative analytically (so we need
numerical computation of derivatives)

There are several applications of optimization in engineering, in finance, etc. the

skillful engineer has to look for global min/max not the local ones!!!

Microsoft EXCEL is very useful

package for such easy problems,
Please if you want to improve your skills, just
have a look at: Goal seek and Scenarios 
 Change of variables

du
u  g (x)  g (x) du  g ( x)dx
dx

 
f  g ( x)  g ( x)dx  
(f

g)( x) g ( x)dx  f (u )du

 F (u )  C  F  g ( x)   C  ( F  g)( x)  C
Remember:
--- F is an anti-derivative of the function f
--- we do substitute g(x) u and also we have to change dxdu
--- After integration we have to substitute back ug(x)
 Problems
Evaluate the following integrals

 5 x  7 dx  x 3

7  6 x 2 dx

  

 x2 1 
7
2 x  1 x dx
3 2
 3 dx
 x  3x  1 
 Definite integrals
If f is integrable and f(x)>0 for every x in [a,b], then
x b


xa
f ( x)dx  area under the graph of
f(x) from x=a to x=b

f(x)

dx

This thin strip is going to sweep the graph from Note: if f is continuous on [a,b] then
x=a to x=b (remember dx= x0) f is integrable on [a,b]
 Problems
Using the area under curve technique,
evaluate the following integrals

4 4

 
1 
 x  3 dx 16  x dx
2

2 
2 4
 Properties of the definite integrals
b b b


a
Cdx  C (b  a)
a
Cf ( x)dx  C

a
f ( x)dx

b b b

a
 f ( x)  g ( x)  dx 

a
f ( x)dx 

a
g ( x)dx

If f is integrable on [a,b] and c is a

number in [a,b] then:
b c b

c

a
f ( x)dx 

a
f ( x)dx 

c
f ( x)dx
 Average value

Let f be continuous on [a,b] then the average value fav of f on [a,b] is:
b


1
f av  f ( x)dx
(b  a)
a


a
f ( x)dx

f av (b  a )
fav fav

b-a b-a
 The fundamental theorem of calculus

Suppose f is continuous on closed interval [a,b]:

--- if the function G is defined by: x

For every x in [a,b] then:

G ( x) 

a
f (t )dt

G is anti-derivative of f on [a,b] G ( x) 

a
f (t )dt  F ( x)  F (a )

constant
d
 G ( x)  d  F ( x)  F (a)  d  F ( x)
dx dx dx
G ( x)  F ( x)
x b


--- and
f ( x)dx  F (b)  F (a )
xa
 Problem
2

Evaluate the following integral:


1
( x 2  x  1)dx

2 2


3
x x 2

( x  x  1)dx     x 
2

3 2 1
1

 (2)3 (2) 2   (1) 3 (1) 2 

   (2)     (1)
 3 2   3 2 
 6.667  1.833
 4.833
 Change of variables with definite integrals
du
u  g (x)  g (x) du  g ( x)dx
dx

x b x b ug (a)


xa
f  g ( x)  g ( x)dx 

xa
(f  g)( x) g ( x)dx   f (u )du
u  g (b )

  F (u )   F  g (a )   F  g (b)     ( F g)(a ) - ( F g)(b)

 
ug (a)
u  g (b )

The same as what we did before but (do not forget) :

Either: we need to change the variables also in the integration limits (in this case we do
not need to substitute back u  x)
or Leave the integration limit as it is and substitute back (see the example to understand)
 Problem
Evaluate the following integral
x 3


x  1
5 x  7 dx

u  5x  7
du
du  5dx  dx 
u  5x  7 5
du x  1  u  5(1)  7  2
du  5dx  dx 
5 x  3  u  5(3)  7  22
x 3 x 3 x 3 x 3 u  22 u  22

     
1 1
du 1 du 1
5 x  7 dx  u  (u ) du2
5 x  7 dx  u  (u ) du
2
5 5 5 5
x  1 x  1 x  1 x  1 u 2 u 2
x 3 u  22
 1 1   1 1 
1  (u ) 2 
1
5  1 
 
2
15

(5 x  7) 5 x  7  x 3
x  1  13.38
1  (u ) 2 
 
1
5  1 
 
2
15
u u   u  22
u 2  13.38

 2  x  1  2  u 2
 one-to-one function
A function f with domain D and range R is a one-to-one function
If whenever ab in D, then f(a) f(b) in R
f(x)
10

8 f(x)
15

6
10
4
5
2

0 0
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
-5

yx 2
y  3x  5
x1   y 1
x   y  5
2
3
 Inverse function
In order to have inverse function, the function should be
one-to-one function

Let f be a one-to-one function with domain D and range R.

A function g with domain R and range D is the inverse function of f,
provided the following condition is true for every x in D and every y
in R:
y=f(x) if and only if x=g(y)

We usually call g(x) by f -1(x) Note that f -1(x) 1/f(x)

 Properties of f -1(x)
f –1 (f(x)) = x or ( f –1 ○ f )(x) = x and
f (f –1(y)) = y or ( f ○ f –1)(y) = y

Example
f(x) = x +3 = y
So
f –1 = y-3 = x
and
f –1 (f(x)) = ( f –1 ○ f )(x) = y-3= (x+3)-3=x
and
f (f –1(y)) = ( f ○ f –1)(y) = x+3=(y-3)+3= y
 Graph of inverse function
x y

7 y
f(x) = x +3 = y
6 0 3
1 4
5 2 5
3 6
4
x
3
y=x
2
1

0
-3 -1 1 3
-1

-2

-3 y x
x
-4

-5 f –1 = y-3 = x 0
1
-3
-2
2 -1
-6 3 0 y
-7
 Steps of computing f –1

1-Verify that f is a one-to-one function

(sometimes this is ok on a certain interval)
2-solve the equation y = f(x) for x in terms of y, obtaining an
equation of the form x = f –1 (y)
3-Verify the two conditions:
f –1 (f(x)) = x and f (f –1 (x)) = x
For every x in the domains of f and f –1 , respectively.

7
6
5
4
3

Examples: Compute the inverse function for: 2

1
0
-3 -1 -1 1 3

y  x 2  3 and x  0
-2
y  3x  5 -3
-4
 Differentiation & f –1
If f is continuous function and increasing/decreasing on [a,b], then f has
an inverse function f –1 that is continuous and increasing/decreasing on [f(a),f(b)]

y 7 x 2  3
How do I know whether f is 6
increasing or decreasing on [a,b]? 5
4
Simple: use f’ test
3
If f’ is +VE then f is increasing x   y 3 2 x   y3
If f’ is –VE then f is decreasing 1
0
y  x2  3 -3 -1 -1 1 3
y  2 x If f’ is –VE  -2 If f’ is +VE 
at x  0 y   ve f is decreasing -3 f is increasing

at x  0 y   ve -4
 Differentiation & f –1
If a differentiable function f has an inverse function g = f –1 and if f’(g(c))0,
then g is differentiable at c and:
1
g (c) 
f ( g (c))

If g is the inverse of a differentiable function f and if f’(g(x))0, then

1
g ( x) 
f ( g ( x))

That means we can compute the derivative of the inverse function without
knowing it in explicit form

Remember: function f (a) = b that means g(b) = a

 Example
For y  x 2  3 Find x

Usual way
f  y  x2  3 and x  0
x   y3
1 1 1 1
x  (1)   
2 y3  
2 x2  3  3 2 x2 2x

f –1 way
f  y  x2  3 and x  0
f   y  2 x
 1
 
x  g   f 1  
1
y 2 x
 Example
If f(x) = x3 + 2 x – 1, prove that f has an inverse function g, and find the slope of the
tangent line to the graph of g at point (2,1)

f   3x 2  2 which is  VE for every x

That means f is always increasing
i.e. for every value of x there is only value of f(x)
So, f is one-to-one function and has an inverse function
Now, it is clear that finding g (or f –1) is difficult, but we can get g’
1 1
g   2
f  3x  2
And we can get easily the value of g’ at the point (2,1)
But note that point 2,1 on g means f(1)=2 or g(2)=1 that means this point at x=1
Recall the graph of the inverse function
So g’ at point (2,1) = g’ at x = 1
 1  1
 g  x 1   2  

 3 x  2  x 1 5
 ln x function
tx


1
The natural logarithmic function (ln x) is defined by ln x  dt
for every x>0 t
t 1

t 1


1
ln 1  dt  0 1
tx


t y 1
t dt  ln x
t 1 t
t 1
tx


d d 1 1
ln x  dt 
dx dx t x
t 1

t 1
x x

1
dt   ln x
t
tx
 Derivatives of ln x
d 1 d 1 du d 1 du
ln x  ln u  & u  g ( x) ln u  & u  g ( x)
dx x dx u dx dx u dx

Examples: f ( x)  ln( x 2  6) Find f 


f  2
1 d 2
x  6 dx
 
x 6  2
2x
x 6
f ( x)  ln x  1 Find f 

f
1 d
x  1 dx
 x 1  1 1
x 1 2 x 1
(1) 
1
2( x  1)
f ( x)  ln 4  5 x  2 x 3 Find f 

 
2
1 d 5 6 x
f 4  5 x  2 x 3


4  5 x  2 x dx
3
 4  5x  2 x3
 Laws of ln x
if p & q are > 0 and r is a rational number, then
 p
ln( pq)  ln p  ln q ln   ln p  ln q ln p r  r ln p
q

Examples

ln  x  2  3x  5   ln  x  2   ln  3 x  5
  x  2 
ln   ln  x  2   ln  3 x  5
  3 x  5 
  5

ln x 2  1  5 ln x 2  1 
1 1
ln x  1  ln  x  1  ln  x  1
2
2
 Derivatives & Laws of ln x
The product rule The quotient rule
 dp dq 

d  p  q  dx 
d 1  dq dp  q p
ln( pq)  p q  ln    dx 
dx pq  dx dx  dx  q  p  q 2

 
1 dq 1 dp  
 
q dx p dx 1 dq 1 dp
 
or p dx q dx
d d d or
  ln p  ln q   ln p  ln q
dx dx dx d d d
  ln p  ln q   ln p  ln q
1 dp 1 dq dx dx dx
 
p dx q dx 1 dq 1 dp
 
p dx q dx
What we want to say is: sometimes it is easy to apply the ln rules
before carrying out the differentiations even sometimes we
introduce ln to both equation sides to make differentiation easier
 Example
x2
For y  Find y
3x  5
Usual way
d
x2
 3 x  5  x  2   x  2 d  3x  5  3x  51   x  2 3  11
y so y  dx dx  
3x  5  3 x  5 2  3 x  5 2  3 x  5 2
Logarithmic way
x2  x2 
y so ln y  ln   ln( x  2)  ln(3x  5)
3x  5  3 x  5 
1 1 1
y  (1)  (3)
y ( x  2) (3 x  5)
( x  2)  1 3   11
y   
(3x  5)  ( x  2) (3 x  5)   3x  5 2
 Guidelines for ln derivatives
y  f ( x)
apply ln to both equation sides
ln y  ln f ( x)
apply the ln rules
1 d
y   ln f ( x)
y dx
differentiate implicitly
d
y  y  ln f ( x)
dx
 Example
For y 
 5 x  4
3
Using ln diff., find y
2x 1

y
 5 x  4
3

2x 1
  5 x  4 3  1
so ln y  ln   ln(5 x  4)  ln(2 x  1) 2

3

 2x  1 
1
i.e. ln y  3 ln(5 x  4)  ln(2 x  1)
2
1 3 1 1
y  (5)  ( 2)
y (5 x  4) 2 (2 x  1)
15 1 15(2 x  1)  (5 x  4) 25 x  19
   
(5 x  4) (2 x  1) (5 x  4)(2 x  1) (5 x  4)(2 x  1)

y  y
25 x  19

 5 x  4
3
25 x  19

(25 x  19)(5 x  4) 2
(5 x  4)(2 x  1) 2 x  1 (5 x  4)(2 x  1) (2 x  1) 3 / 2
 The exponential function
The natural exponential function (exp x) is the inverse function
of the natural logarithmic function (ln x)
y  x2  x y2
5
y  ln x  x  exp( y )
4

2
y  exp( x)  e x  x  ln y
1
ln y  ln e x  x ln e
0
-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
y=exp x
-1
y=ln x
ln e  1
-2 y=x
 Properties of exp(x)
ln e x  x e p eq  e pq
dx
 
d x
e  ex
e ln x  x ep p q
 e
eq
e p r
 e pr dx
 
d u
e e u du

dx
where u  g ( x)

Examples

dx
e 
d 5 x 2 1
e 
5 x 2 1
(10 x)
d  e x2  e x2 x 2
 e   e e (2 x)  2 xe
dx  
2
e x  x2

dx
e
d sin x

 e sin x (cos x)
 Examples

1
For y  e 2 x lnx Find y y  e 2 x
 ln x e  2 x (2)
x

For y  ln cos e  x Find y y 

1
cos e x
 
sin e x
e 
x
(1) 

For e x cos y  xe y Find y e x sin y y  cos y e x (1)  xe y y  e y (1)

e x

sin y  xe y y  e y  cos y e x
e y  cos y e x
y  x
e sin y  xe y
 Integration for lnx & ex
Note u = g(x) and du = g’(x) dx

  
1 1 ax
du  ln u  C e du  e  C
u u
e dx  e  C
ax

u a

 tan u du   ln cos u  C
 cot u du  ln sin u  C

 sec u du  ln sec u  tan u  C

 csc u du  ln csc u  cot u  C
 Examples
u  3x 2  5  du  6 xdx

x
Evaluate dx
3x 2  5
  
x 1 6x 1 du
dx  dx 
3x 2  5 6 3x 2  5 6 u

1 1
 ln u  C  ln 3x 2  5  C
6 6

4
u  9  2 x  du  2dx

1
Evaluate dx 4 4 x4
9  2x
  
 2dx
2
dx

1

1 du

1
ln u  xx42
9  2x 2 9  2x  2 u 2
2 2 x2


1
2 2

ln 9  2 x  xx42  1 ln 9  2 x  x4  ln 9  2 x  x2 
1
  0  1.609  0.805
2
 Examples
1
u  ln x  du  dx


ln x x
Evaluate dx
x

  
ln x 1
dx  u du  u 2
du
x

u3 2
 C   ln x  2  C
2 3

3 3
2
2 3
3 3

e x u  du  2 dx
Evaluate dx x x
x2
1 2 3 2 x2

    
e x
1 3  3 1 1 u x 2
dx  e x
  dx  e u du  e x 1
x2 3 2
x  3 3
1 1 x 1

1  3 x  x 2 1  3 x  e 3 x  
 e   e  
 3   x 1  3   x  2   x 1 
1
  4.4817  20.0855  5.2013
3
 Examples
dy
Solve (find y )  3e 2 x  6e 3 x subject to initial condition y  4 if x  0
dx
dy
 3e 2 x  6e 3 x
dx
integrate both sides w.r.t. x

 
dy
dx  3e 2 x  6e 3 x dx
dx

3 2 x 6 3 x
y e  e C
2 3
we apply the initial condition at x  0  y  4
3 0 6 0
4 e  e  C  C  4 .5
2 3
3
y  e 2 x  2e 3 x  4.5
2
 Examples
u  x 2  du  2 xdx
Evaluate
 x cot x 2 dx

  
1 1
x cot x 2 dx  2 x cot x 2 dx  cot u du
2 2

1 1
 ln sin u  C  ln sin x 2  C
2 2

 x 1
2
u  du  dx

x 2 2
Evaluate tan dx
2 
2

2
x 
2

  
0
x 1 x
tan dx  2 tan dx  2 tan udu
2 2 2
0 0 x 0



x    
x 2 0
 2  ln cos u  x 0  2  ln cos 
x 
2
 2 ln cos 2   2 ln cos 
 2  x 0  2   2
 
 0.6931  0  0.6931
 General log x & ax

a e
r r ln a

y  a r take ln for both sides

ln y  ln a r  r ln a take exp for both sides
e ln y  e r ln a or y  e r ln a

Usually when we differentiate or integrate general log x or ax

functions, we take ln of both sides then differentiate implicitly
 Derivative of ax
To obtain d x y  a x take ln for both sides
a
dx ln y  ln a x  x ln a now we can diff. :
1
y  ln a so y  y ln a  a x ln a
y

Similarly d u ( x ) y  a u ( x ) take ln for both sides

a
To obtain dx ln y  ln a u ( x )  u ( x) ln a now we can diff. :
1
y  u  ln a so y  y u  ln a  a u ( x ) ln a u
y

Do not memorize rules, just learn how to deduce them

 Laws of exponents
Let a > 0 and b > 0. If u and v are any real
numbers, then u
u v a
a a a
u v
v
 a u v

a
a u v
a uv
a a
u u

 ab  u
a b u u    u
b b
If you forget any of them and having a doubts, what will you do?
 Examples
d x 1
compute 3 y  3 x  ln y  ln 3 x  x ln 3  y  ln 3 or y  y ln 3  3 x ln 3
dx y
1 (1)
d x y 5 x
 ln y  ln 5 x
 x ln 5  y  ln 5 or
compute 5 y 2 x
dx
ln 5 ln 5
y  y 5 x
2 x 2 x
1
d sin x y  10  ln y  ln 10sin x  sin x ln 10  y  cos x ln 10 or
sin x

compute 10 y
dx
y  y cos x ln 10  10sin x cos x ln 10

compute
d
dx
 10
 2
x 2  1  10 x 1  Let y 
d
dx
 y1  y2  where y1   x  1 and y2  10
2 10 x 2 1


y1  x 2  1 10

so y1  10 x 2  1 (2 x)  9

y2  10 x
2
1
 ln y2  ln 10 x
2
1

 x 2  1 ln 10   1
y2
y2  (2 x) ln 10 or
2
y2  y2 (2 x) ln 10  10 x 1
(2 x) ln 10
 
y  y1  y2  10 x 2  1 (2 x)  10 x
9 2
1
(2 x) ln 10
 Derivative of loga x
Definition y  log a x  x  a y  ln x  y ln a
d
compute log a x
Derivatives dx
y  log a x  x  a y  ln x  y ln a
1 1 1
(1)  y ln a  y 
x x ln a

d
compute log a u ( x)
dx
y  log a u ( x)  u ( x)  a y  ln u ( x)  y ln a
1 u 1
(u )  y ln a  y 
u ( x) u ( x) ln a

Again never memorize a rule, just learn how to deduce it

 Examples
d d 2
compute log 2 x compute x
dx dx

d d x
compute log 4 ( x 2  9) compute x
dx dx

compute
d
log 3 (2 x  5) 2 compute
d
dx
1  e2 x 


dx
 Integrations

  
e x ln a
if y  a , evaluate
x
y dx a dx  e
x x ln a
dx  C
ln a

if y  a u ( x ) , evaluate
 y dx We will use substitution to compute it

 
2
Evaluate 3 x dx and x 3x dx
 definition of e

1
e  lim1  h  h
h 0

n
 1
e  lim1  
n 
 n
Try to prove it!
 Sin-1x
1.5 1.5

Asin(x) 1 sin(x)

1 0.5

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0.5 -0.5

-1

0 -1.5
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1
1
1  1 1  1 
y  sin  sin y  sin sin    y  30 

-0.5
2  2 2 6
1 1 1 1
-1
y  sin  Arcsin  Asin
2 2 2
-1.5

You have to know how to use calculators!

 Cos-1x
3.5 1.5

Acos(x) 1 Cos(x)
3
0.5

0
2.5 0 1 2 3
-0.5

2 -1

-1.5
1.5

1 1  1 1  1 
y  cos  cos y  cos cos    y  60 


2  2 2 3
1

0.5

1 1 1 1
y  cos  Arccos  Acos
-1.5 -1 -0.5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2 2

You have to know how to use calculator to

compute these functions!
 tan-1x
4


y  tan 1 3  tan y  tan tan 1 3  3

 tan(x)
2
 3  y  60 
3 1

0
y  tan 1 3  Arctan 3  Atan 3 0 2 4 6 8
-1

-2
Please: Generate these
-3
curves using EXCEL
-4
1.5
1
0.5
Atan(x)
0
This is not a -4 -3 -2 -1 -0.5 0 1 2 3 4
single curve -1
-1.5
Practical problem
 Now:
What we do study here is totally practical,
It is not pure math! It is engineering math…
We will be using it:
To understand other subjects (physics, mechanics, etc.)
To solve engineering problems (in BUE & in practice)
To implement algorithms in computer graphics
To… To…
Therefore: Today, when you go home,
Start Excel, try to generate the former graphs and understand them,
Remember: it is important to understand not to memorize
 Remember
 
sin sin 1 x  sin  arcsin x   x sin 1  sin x   arcsin  sin x   x

And the same to other functions

Please refer to

Textbook
Study all examples and Illustrations
 The Triangle

Exact value of sec(arctan(2/3)) We can do the same to rewrite

cos(sin-1x) in algebraic form

13 1
2 x
 
3
 1 x2
 2 
sec arctan    sec 
  3  x
  sin x  sin   x 
1

1
1 1 13
   1 x2
cos  3 3 cos    1 x2
13 1
 Derivative of sin-1x
We want to obtain (sin-1x)’
y  sin 1 x  sin y  x  x  sin y
x  cos y
We can draw the triangle
1 1 1 1
y   
x cos y 1 x2 x

 1
sin x   1 y
1 x2
1 x2
The general case; if u = u(x)
d
 1
sin u ( x)  1 du ( x)
dx 1   u ( x)  dx
2
 Derivative of tan-1x
We want to obtain (tan-1x)’
sin y
y  tan 1 x  tan y  x  x  tan y  x 
cos y
cos y cos y  sin y ( cos y ) 1 We can draw the triangle
x  
 cos y  2  cos y  2
2
1 x2 x
1  1  1
y    cos y   
  
2

x  1 x2
 1 x
2
 y


tan 1 x  1
1 x2
1

The general case; if u = u(x)

d 1

tan u ( x)   1 du ( x)
1   u ( x)  dx
2
dx
 Derivatives
In similar way, we can obtain the derivative of any
inverse trigonometric function…

d
 1
sin u ( x)  1 du ( x)
dx 1   u ( x)  dx
2

d
 1
tan u ( x)  1 du ( x)
1   u ( x)  dx
2
dx

1
d
 1
cos u ( x)  du ( x)
dx 1   u ( x)  dx
2

You have to learn how to obtain these forms and other forms
for other inverse trigonometric functions
 Examples
d d
compute sin 1 3 x compute sec 1 x 2
dx dx

d d sin 1 x 3
compute cos 1 (ln x) compute 3
dx dx

compute y for x 2  x sin 1 y  ye x

d
compute tan 1 e 2 x
dx
 Some integrals
We can proof:
 
 1  x 1  1 x 1
 sin    cos  
 a a2  x2  a a2  x2
Therefore:


1 x

1 x 1 dx   cos C 1
dx  sin C
a x
2 2 a a x
2 2 a

0.6
x  0.6


1 x
Example: dx  sin 1  36.86  0  36.86
1 x2 a x 0
0
x  0.6
Note: here I am working
x
or   cos 1   53.14  90  36.86 with Degrees
a x 0
 Similar integrals



 1 x a 1 1 1 x
 tan   2  dx  tan C
 a  a  x2 a x
2 2
a a



 1 x  a 1  1 1 x
 cot   2  dx  cot C
 a  a  x2 a2  x2 a a


 1 x  a 1 1 1 x
 sec    dx  sec C
 a  x x2  a2 x x a
2 2 a a


 1 x  a 1  1 1 x
 csc    dx  csc C
 a  x x2  a2 x x2  a2 a a
 Integrals of sin-1x

 sin 1 x dx  ?

We will use integration by parts to compute it,

so, this subject will be postponed until
we study integration by parts
 Examples
1


x2

4 dx
dx
1 x 2 5 x 6

 
e2 x 1
dx dx
1 e 4x
x x 9
4
 Hyperbolic functions
15

e x  e x
sinh x 10
cosh x 
2
5
cosh 3  ???
0
-4 -2 0 2 4 12
cosh x
-5
10
-10
8
-15
6
e x  e x
sinh x  4
2
2
sinh 3  ???
0
-4 -2 0 2 4
 Hyperbolic?
5 5

4
x  cos t 4

3 3
x  cosh t
2 2

1
y  sin t 1 y  sinh t
0 0
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6
-1 -1

-2 -2

-3 -3

-4 -4

-5 -5

x  y 1
2 2
x  y2  1
2

(cos x) 2  (sin x) 2  1 (cosh x) 2  (sinh x) 2  1

Try to prove these relationships!!!

 tanh x & coth x
sinh x e x  e  x cosh x e x  e  x
tanh x   x x coth x   x x
cosh x e  e sinh x e  e

1.5 15
tanh x coth x
1 10

0.5 5

0 0
-4 -2 0 2 4 -4 -2 0 2 4
-0.5 -5

-1 -10

-1.5 -15

Try to generate these curves using Excel. You also need to know
how to use calculator to compute functions such as coth(1.1)
 sech x & csch x
1 2 1 2
sech x   x x csch x   x x
cosh x e  e sinh x e  e
1.2
sech x 15
csch x
1
10
0.8
5
0.6
0
0.4
-4 -2 0 2 4
-5
0.2

0 -10
-4 -2 0 2 4
-15

Again, try to generate these curves using Excel…

 Other relationships

(cosh x)  (sinh x)  1
2 2

Divide by (cosh x)2

Divide by (sinh x)2

1  (tanh x)  (sech x)
2 2

(coth x)  1  (csch x)
2 2
 Derivatives

d d
 sinh x   cosh x  coth x   csch 2 x
dx dx
d d
 cosh x   sinh x  sech x   sech x tanh x
dx dx
d d
 tanh x   sech 2 x  csch x   csch x coth x
dx dx

We have to know how to deduce these rules

 Examples
Show that
d
 sinh x   cosh x
dx

Find f’ for

f  cosh( x 2  1)

f  cosh 4 x 2  3
1  cosh x
f 
1  cosh x
1
f 
tanh x  1
 Integrals

 sinh x dx  cosh x  C
 csch 2 x dx   coth x  C

 cosh x dx  sinh x  C
 sech x tanh x dx  sech x  C

 sech 2 x dx  tanh x  C
 csch x coth x dx  csch x  C
 Examples
Carry out the following integrals

 x 2 sinh x 3 dx


1
dx
sech 7 x


sinh x
dx
x
 Inverse hyperbolic functions

sinh 1 x  ln x  x 2  1 
cosh 1 x  ln  x  x2  1

1 1 1 x
tanh x  ln
2 1 x We need to prove
1 1 1 x2 these relationships!!!
sech x  ln
x
csch 1 x  ???

coth 1 x  ???
 Example

sinh 1 x  ln x  x 2  1 
let y  sinh 1 x  x  sinh y
we know  cosh y    sinh y   1
2 2

so  cosh y   x 2  1  cosh y  1  x 2
2

e y  e y e y  e y
we know cosh y  sinh y    ey
2 2
so 1  x 2  x  e y

  
ln 1  x 2  x  ln e y or y  ln 1  x 2  x 

i.e. sinh -1 x  ln 1  x 2  x 
 Derivatives

d
dx
 
sinh 1 x 
1
x2 1
We can easy prove
d
dx
cosh 1 x   1
these relationships
x2 1
using the former
d
 1
tanh x  1
dx 1 x2 rules…
1
d
dx
 1
sech x  Just give it a try!
x 1 x2
 Integrals


1 1x
dx  sinh C
x2  a2 a


1 1x
dx  cosh C
x2  a2 a


1 1 1 x
dx  tanh C
a x
2 2
a a


1 1 1 x
dx   sech C
x a2  x2 a a
 Examples

Show that d sinh 1 x 
dx
 1
x2 1

Find f’ for Verify the identity

f  sinh 1 (tan x)
cosh x  sinh x  e x

f  ln sinh 1 ( x 2  1)  sinh( x  y )  sinh x cosh y  cosh x sinh y
f  cosh 1 x cosh x  1
2 x
sinh 
f  tanh 1  sin 3 x  2 2

Carry out the following integrals

 
1 ex
dx dx
25  9 x 2 16  e 2x
 Integration by parts
General rule

 
It comes from
d
u dv  uv  v du dx
(uv)  udv  vdu

The one dimensional case

b b x2 x2

 
u dv   uv   v du  1  x dx   xx  x 1 
 x 1 du
x2
b
a
x 1 x 1

 1 x dx   x2 

x2 x2
a a x2

  
2
2 x2
2 1  x dx  x x 1
x 1
x 1 x 1

The higher dimensional caseGreen’s theory or Gauss theory

    
u u
d  1  d  1  u n x d  u  0 d  u nx d
x x
    
 Integration by parts
It is:
The first function times the integral of the second minus the integral
of the former integration times the derivative of the first function
The former integrand
As it is
b b


a
u
The first
function
dv
The second
function
  u v  ba 

a
v du

The integral

The derivative

• We have to be careful when choosing the first and the second functions, we always
apply derivatives to u, so choose it to be decomposed function or repeated, remember:
(xn)’=n xn-1 (sin x)’’=(cos x)’= -sin x (ex)’=ex

• Sometimes we choose one of these two functions as 1 (to be zero in the last derivative)
 Example
Evaluate
 xe 2 x dx

 
e2 x e2 x e2 x e2 x
x e 2x
dx x  (1) dx x  C
2 2 2 (2)2

First Second

Note the power of x is increasing

 
2 2
x x 2x
e 2 x x dx e 2 x  e (2) dx
2 2
First Second
 Examples
Evaluate  ln xdx
Try the alternative choice and see what


you will get!!!
 
1 1  ln xdx
ln x 1 dx  ln x x  x dx  ln x x  x  C
x

First Second

Evaluate  x 2e 2 x dx

x 
e2 x e2 x
2
e 2x
dx x 2
 (2 x) dx
2 2


e2 x e2 x e2 x
 
2x 2x
x e 2 x dx x
e

e
(1) dx
2
x e 2x
dx x2
x  C
2 2 2 2 2(2)

It can be seen that the integration by parts


e2 x e2 x formula can be applied repeatedly
dx  C
2 2(2)
 Example

3


Evaluate 
0
x sec 2 x dx

We can prove


3 3

 x sec x dx  x tan x  tan x (1) dx

x  sec 2 x dx  tan x  C
2
x 0
3

0 0
First Second
The integration of tan x
 
3 3

 
sin x
tan x dx  dx put y  cos x  dy   sin xdx
cos x
0 0
  
3 3 3

 tan x dx   
 sin x dy
   ln y  x  0   ln cos x  x  0 3
x  x 
dx   3
cos x y
0 0 0
 
3 3

 x sec 2 x dx  x tan x  x  0 3 
 tan x (1) dx   x tan x  x  0 3    ln cos x  x  0 3  1.1206522
x  x  x 

0 0
 Recursive application
Evaluate  e x cos x dx

First Second

 cos x e x dx  cos x e x 
 sin x e x dx  cos x e x  sin x e x 
 e x cos x dx

 
ex
2 cos x e dx  cos x e  sin x e
x x x
 cos x e dx   cos x  sin x 
x

First Second
 

 e x cos x dx  e x sin x 
 e x sin x dx e x sin x  e x ( cos x) 
  ( cos x)e x dx

OR  

 
ex
2 cos x e dx e sin x  e cos x
x x x
 cos x e dx   cos x  sin x 
x

2
 The reduction formula
Evaluate
 sin n x dx Then evaluate  sin 4 x dx
cos 2 x  1  sin 2 x

 sin n 1 x sin x dx  sin n 1 x  cos x  

   cos x  (n  1) sin n2 x cos x dx   sin n 1 x cos x  (n  1)
 cos x sin
2 n2
x dx

  sin n 1 x cos x  (n  1)
 1  sin x sin
2 n2

 
x dx   sin n 1 x cos x  (n  1) sin n 2 x dx (n  1) sin n x dx

1  (n  1) 
 
sin n 1 x sin x dx   sin n 1 x cos x  (n  1) sin n  2 x dx

1
sin n x dx   sin n 1 x cos x 
n
(n  1)
n 
sin n  2 x dx

 
n=4 1 3
sin 4 x dx   sin 3 x cos x  sin 2 x dx
4 4

   
1 1
n=2 sin 2 x dx   sin x cos x  sin 0 x dx sin 0 x dx  dx  x
2 2


1 3 1 1 
Finally sin 4 x dx   sin 3 x cos x   sin x cos x  x   C
4 4 2 2 
 Integration of sin-1x

 sin x dx  sin x 1 dx  sin x x    x

1 We know
 
-1 -1 -1
dx
1-x 2 sin -1 x  ln x  x 2  1

 
sin -1 x 
1


1 1 1-x 2
 sin -1 x x     2x dx  x sin -1 x  1-x 2  C
2 1-x 2

In similar way, we can obtain:

 csc-1 x dx  ???
 cos-1 x dx  x cos 1 x  1-x 2  C

These forms will be given in

 tan x dx  x tan x  ln 1  x   C
-1 11 2 exams, but I may ask you to show
2 how can we obtain them!

 sec x dx  x sec x  lnx  x  1  C

-1 1 2
 Trigonometric integrals
We want to compute integrals in these forms:

 sin m x cos n x dx or similar

 sin mx cos nx dx or similar

  sin m x cos n x dx

m is odd m & n are even

m 1
sin m x dx  sin
   x sin
 x dx Use the double angle
enen  du rule to any of the cos
use Change it to cos
term or the sin term
u  cos x


1  cos 2 x
m n sin 2 x 
sin x cos x dx 2
sin x  cos x  1
2 2
1  cos 2 x
cos 2 x 
2
then use suitable substitution
n is odd
n 1
cos n x dx  cos
   x cos
  xdx
enen du
Change it to sin

use OR m & n are odd

u  sin x
 Example
Evaluate
 sin 5 xdx
use
u  cos x
du   sin xdx

 
sin 5 xdx  sin 4 x sin xdx 
 (1  cos 2 x) 2 sin xdx 

 
3 5
2u u
 (1  u 2 ) 2 du   (1  2u 2  u 4 )du  u   C
3 5

2 cos3 x cos5 x
  cos x   C
3 5
 Example


Evaluate sin 4 xdx

  
2
 1  cos 2 x  1
sin 4 xdx    dx  (1  cos 2 x) 2 dx 
 2  4

  
1 1 1
(1  2 cos 2 x  cos 2 2 x)du  (1  2 cos 2 x)du  cos 2 2 xdu
4 4 4


1 sin 2 x  1 1  cos 4 x 1 sin 2 x  1  1 1 sin 4 x 
 x 2  du   x  2   x C
4 2  4 2 4 2  42 2 4 
 Example


Evaluate cos3 x sin 4 x dx
use
u  sin x
du  cos xdx

 
cos3 x sin 4 x dx  cos 2 x sin 4 x cos x dx 
 1 - sin x  sin
2 4
x cos x dx

 1- u  u
  
5 7 5 7
u u sin x sin x
 2 4
du  u 4 - u 6 du   C   C
5 7 5 7
 Trigonometric integrals
In a similar way we can compute integrals in these forms:

 tan m x sec n x dx

 cot m x csc n x dx

Refer to the textbook sec. 7.2 p.639

  sin mx cos nx dx

 sin mx cos nx dx
 cos mx sin nx dx
 cos mx cos nx dx
 sin mx sin nx dx

Use the product to sum formulas

1
sin x cos y   sin( x  y )  sin( x  y )
2
1
cos x sin y   sin( x  y )  sin( x  y )
2
1
cos x cos y   cos( x  y )  cos( x  y )
2
1
sin x sin y   cos( x  y )  cos( x  y )
2
 Example


Evaluate cos 5 x cos 3x dx
use
1
cos x cos y   cos( x  y )  cos( x  y )
2

 
1 1  sin 8 x sin 2 x 
cos 5 x cos 3x dx  cos 8 x  cos 2 x dx    C
2 2 8 2 
 Integration of rational
function
We want to compute integrals in these forms:

We can carry out this integral


3 1 2 
    dx  3 ln x  ln( x  3)  2 ln( x  1)  C
 x x  3 x 1


4 x 2  13 x  9
dx We cannot carry out this integral
x  2 x  3x
3 2

This is via partial fraction

3 1 2  3( x  3)( x  1)  1( x)( x  1)  2( x)( x  3) 4 x 2  13x  9

     3
 x x  3 x  1  ( x )( x  3)( x  1) x  2 x 2  3x
 Partial fraction decomposition
4 x 2  13 x  9 4 x 2  13 x  9 4 x 2  13x  9 A B C
    
x 3  2 x 2  3x x( x 2  2 x  3) x( x  3)( x  3) x x  3 x  1

4 x 2  13x  9 A( x  3)( x  1)  B( x)( x  1)  C ( x)( x  3) x +3


x  2 x  3x
3 2
( x)( x  3)( x  1)

4 x 2  13x  9  A( x  3)( x  1)  B( x)( x  1)  C ( x)( x  3) x -1

at this point we have to set x=some values & compare sides
Put x=0  9  A(3)(1)  A  3
Put x=1 4  13  9  C (1)(4)  C  2
Put x=-3 4(3) 2  13(3)  9  B(3)(3  1)  B  1

4 x 2  13x  9 3 1 2
so    And then we can carry out the
x3  2 x 2  3x x x  3 x  1
integral of this function
 Steps of partial fraction
decomposition
If we have f(x)/g(x) and we want to decompose it into The degree of
g(x) has to be
partial fractions greater than the
degree of f(x) ;
Using algebraic simplifications put g(x) in one of the otherwise we
following forms ( px  q ) m (ax 2  bx  c) n have to carry out
long division

For every term having the For every term having the
form ( px  q)m use form (ax 2  bx  c)n use

A1 A2 Am A1 x  B1 A2 x  B2 An x  Bn
       
px  q ( px  q ) 2 ( px  q ) m ax 2  bx  c (ax 2  bx  c) 2 (ax 2  bx  c) n
 Example


3 x 3  18 x 2  29 x  4
Evaluate ( x  1)( x  2)3
dx

3 x 3  18 x 2  29 x  4 A B C D
   
( x  1)( x  2)3 ( x  1) ( x  2) ( x  2) 2 ( x  2)3
A( x  2)3  B( x  1)( x  2) 2  C ( x  1)( x  2)  D( x  1)

( x  1)( x  2)3
A( x 3  6 x 2  12 x  8)  B( x 3  3x 2  4)  C ( x 2  x  2)  D( x  1)

( x  1)( x  2)3

So we have 3x  18x  29 x  4  A( x  2)  B( x  1)( x  2)  C ( x  1)( x  2)  D( x  1)

3 2 3 2

Put x=2 3(2)  18(2)  29(2)  4  D(2  1)  D  2

3 2

Put x=-1 3(1)  18(1)  29(1)  4  A(1  2)  A  2

3 2 3

Also we can compare coefficients

3x 3  18x 2  29 x  4  A( x 3  6 x 2  12 x  8)  B( x 3  3x 2  4)  C ( x 2  x  2)  D( x  1)
x3 term 3 x 3  A( x 3 )  B( x 3 )  B  1 Free term  4  A(8)  B(4)  C (2)  D(1)  C  3
Check: x2 term  18 x 2  A(6 x 2 )  B(3x 2 )  C ( x 2 )  18  18 o.k.
Another check: x term  you do it!
 Example (Cont.)

So

 
3 x 3  18x 2  29 x  4 2 1 3 2
dx     dx
( x  1)( x  2)3 ( x  1) ( x  2) ( x  2) 2 ( x  2)3

3 1
 2 ln( x  1)  ln( x  2)    Constant
( x  2) ( x  2) 2
 Example


5 x 3  3x 2  7 x  3
Evaluate ( x 2  1) 2
dx

5 x 3  3x 2  7 x  3 Ax  B Cx  D ( Ax  B)( x 2  1)  (Cx  D)
 2  
( x 2  1) 2 ( x  1) ( x 2  1) 2 ( x 2  1) 2
5 x 3  3 x 2  7 x  3  ( Ax  B)( x 2  1)  (Cx  D)
 A( x 3  x)  B ( x 2  1)  C ( x)  D
Compare coefficients
x3 term 5=A x2 term -3=B x term 7=A+CC=2 free term -3=B+DD=0

So

    
5 x 3  3x 2  7 x  3  5x  3 2x  5x 1 2x
dx   2  2 dx 
2 
dx  3 dx  dx
( x  1)
2 2
 ( x  1) ( x  1)  x 1
2
x 1
2
( x  1)
2 2

5 1
 ln(x 2  1)  3 tan 1 x  2  Constant
2 x 1
 Example
Evaluate the following integrals


 19 x 2  50 x  25
dx
x (3 x  5)
2


2 x 2  12 x  4
dx
x  4x
3 2


x4  2x2  3
dx
x  4x
3