UNIT -1

• Simple , Compound and Complex sentences

1. Simple sentence
A sentence with one subject and one predicate
A simple sentence has only one finite verb
 What is a Subject?

• A subject is the person or thing that is doing

an action, or the person or thing that is the
focus of the sentence. Most of the time the
subject comes at the beginning of a sentence,
in which case it is very easy to identify.
• We like to talk in the class
 What is a Predicate?

• The predicate of the sentence is the part that

contains the action. It is the part of the
sentence that is not the subject, and includes
all the descriptions of the action and the
objects that are affected by the action. Take
this example:
• We like to talk in the class
• The question you can ask yourself here is,
“What do we do”? The answer, like to talk in
the class, is the predicate. Notice that the
predicate includes the verb in the sentence
(like) and all the rest of the words that
describe what we like.
 Finite verb
• In English grammar, a finite verb is a form of
a verb that (a) shows agreement with
a subject and (b) is marked for tense.
• Eg: He writes he wrote
• We Write
• If there is just one verb in a sentence, it is
finite. (Put another way, a finite verb can
stand by itself in a sentence.) Finite verbs are
sometimes called tensed verbs.
 Non finite verbs
• In English grammar, a non-finite verb is a form
of the verb that does not show a distinction in
number, person, or tense.
• Umber : singular or plural , person: first
second third, Tense. Present past future
• It normally cannot stand alone as the main
verb in a sentence. Contrast that with a finite
verb, which shows tense, number, and person.
• Eg. She forgot to Google them.
• Examples of simple sentences include the following:
• Joe waited for the train.
"Joe" = subject, "waited" = verb

• The train was late.

"The train" = subject, "was " = verb

• Mary and Samantha took the bus.

"Mary and Samantha" = compound subject, "took" = verb

• I looked for Mary and Samantha at the bus station.

"I" = subject, "looked" = verb
 Simple Sentence
• simple sentence is one independent clause
that has a subject and a verb and expresses a
complete thought. Notice that there are some
important requirements for a simple
sentence:
• 1. Must have a subject and a verb.
• 2. Must express a complete thought.
• 3. Must only have one clause.
 Examples of Simple Sentence:

• 1. Joe went to the store.

• 2. Sarah and Jessie are going swimming.
• 3. The frog jumped and landed in the pond.
• 4. Can I have some juice to drink?
• 5. The pizza smells delicious.
• 6. There is a fly in the car with us.
• 7. Look on top of the refrigerator for the key.
• 8. 10. The music is too loud for my ears.
 Clause
• Clause Definition: A clause consists of a
subject and a verb and is the smallest
grammatical unit that expresses a thought.
 Compound sentence
• In English grammar, a coordinate clause is
a clause (i.e., a word group containing
a subject and predicate) that is introduced by
one of the coordinating conjunctions--most
commonly and or but.
• A compound sentence is made up of one or
more coordinate clauses joined to the main
clause. The rhetorical term for a coordinate
construction is parataxis.
 Examples
• "It was apple-blossom time, and the days
were getting warmer."
• "I wasn't a fan of most vegetables, but I didn't
mind carrots."
• "They ate the dessert, and neither one
mentioned the fact that it was slightly
burned."
 Definition of PARTICIPLE

• : a word having the characteristics of both

verb and adjective; especially : an English
verbal form that has the function of an
adjective and at the same time shows such
verbal features as tense and voice and
capacity to take an object In "the finished
product," the word "finished" is
aparticiple formed from the verb "finish."
 Prepositional phrases
• Prepositional phrases are groups of words
containing prepositions.

• A prepositional phrase is a group of words

that lacks either a verb or a subject, and that
functions as a unified part of speech. It
normally consists of a preposition and
a noun or a preposition and a pronoun.
Directed Writing (20 Marks)
Unit –I- Directed Writing – I

1. Article Writing
2. Book Review
3. Film Review
Unit -6- Directed Writing –II

1. Review of Cultural programme

2. Speech writing
Unit – 8- Directed Writing - III

1. Report writing
a) Newspaper report
b) Travel Brochure
2. Personal Profile
3. Statement of Purpose
 Article Writing
1. An Eye Catching Title
2. An Introduction
3. The Main Body
4. The conclusion
 What to add
• Statistics
• Quotes by well-known people
• Definitions
• Anecdotes (short, illustrative stories about yourself or
someone else)
• Quotes and examples from people like the reader or from
popular books on the subject
• References to other media (film, television, radio)
• Helpful tools, resources or products (if many, consider
creating a sidebar)
• References to local venues or events (if for a regional/local
publication).
 STEP 1
SELECT YOUR TOPIC.
( for our case the topic is given)

Think for a while about the topic and

brainstorm yourself for the main points
 STEP 2:
• ADDRESS YOUR AUDIENCE’S NEEDS.

• Have an idea about the reader of your article

• whom are you addressing . General public,
teaches, students, officers , government
 STEP 3:
• RESEARCH.
• add statistics, definitions, quotes etc.
 STEP 4:
MAKE IT SPECIFIC

• Don’t be general , be specific to the topic

• It Describes , Analyses and evaluates the
merits of a contemporary work.

• It conveys an opinion, surpporting it with

evidence from the book

• It is not partial but critical in nature

Common elements of book review
• The title, Author, publisher, number of pages,
price
• An attractive opening sentence to set the tone
of the review, giving the overall feel of the
book
• The general style or kind of the book : fiction,
non fiction , novel , comedy ,
• a summary of the plot, followed by the
specific aspects of the work , individual
characters, incidents and scenes.
• the outstanding or main idea of the book
• Specific reference from the book to highlight
its unique points
• Overall impression of the work, including its
shortcomings if any
 Clauses
• A dependent, or subordinate, clause contains
a subject and a verb or verb phrase but does
not express a complete thought. As a result, it
cannot stand alone as a sentence.
• Dependent clauses can function either as
noun clauses, adjective clauses, or adverb
clauses.
 Noun Clause
• What Is a Noun Clause?
• A noun clause is a dependent clause that acts
as a noun. Noun clauses begin with words
such as how, that, what, whatever, when,
where, whether, which, whichever, who,
whoever, whom, whomever, and why. Noun
clauses can act as subjects, direct objects,
indirect objects, or objects of a preposition.
 Noun Clause Examples

Noun Clause Examples

is a genius

( Whoever thought of that idea is a noun clause. It

contains the subject whoever and the
verb thought.

The clause acts as a subject in the sentence.)

 What Is an Adjective Clause?

What Is an Adjective Clause?

An adjective clause is a dependent clause that,
like an adjective, modifies a noun or pronoun.
Adjective clauses begin with words such
as that, when, where, who, whom, whose,
which, and why.
 Adjective clause
• They modify nouns and pronouns, providing a
description or information. Adjective clauses, however,
are groups of words that contain a subject and a verb,
and provide further description.
• Adjective clauses begin with relative pronouns,
including:
• who
• whom
• whose
• that
• which
• They may also begin with relative adverbs,
such as:
• when
• where
• why
Adjective Clause Examples

We are going to the beach that I like the best

(That I like the best is an adjective clause. It

contains the subject I and the verb like. The
clause modifies the noun beach.)
 Adverb clause
• An adverb clause is a group of words that
function as an adverb. The clause can modify
verbs, adverbs and adjectives by telling when,
where, why, how, how much and under what
condition. They begin with a subordinating
conjunction (such as after, if, because and
although) and they contain a subject and
a predicate.
• Subordinating conjunctions can be arranged according
to the purpose of the clause they begin. Here are some
examples of subordinating conjunctions:
• Time: after, when, until, soon, before, once, while, as
soon as, whenever, by the time
• Condition: if, whether or not, provided, in case, unless,
even if, in the event
• Cause and effect: because, as, since, so, in order that,
now that, inasmuch as
• Contrast: though, although, while, whereas, even
though
• Here are some examples of adverb clauses, which are
underlined:
• Whether you like it or not, you have to go to bed now.
• She likes the red car more than her husband does.
• If you pay your bills, you will have a good credit score.
• Unless you run fast, you will miss the bus.
• So that she would have a tan for her vacation, she went
to a tanning salon.
• Marty kept his schedule open, in case of emergencies.
• Because he loved her, he didn’t believe she had an
affair.
• Once they saw the car coming, the birds flew away
from the street.
• Although she has a business degree, she is working as a
retail clerk.
• You must keep practicing the etude until you get it
right.
• In order to have six-pack abs, he works out at the gym.
• As we bought the tickets, the overture was beginning.
 Assignment-1
Simple to complex
1. The work was done when I was present
2. He worked as he had been instructed
3. Come back when its seven o’ clock
4. He cried when he was punished
5. Do you consider that he is trustworthy
6. He has promised that he will help you
7. He worked had so that he might pass the
examination
8. What they explained cannot be ture
 Assignment -2
• Complex to Simple
1. Tell me your destination
2. The law will punish the guilty
3. Tell me the meaning of her statement
4. I do not know the time of my return
5. That is my pen
6. A place built on a hill cannot be hidden
7. This is our study place
8. On hearing the news, he became happy
 Assignment – 3
Compound to complex
1. If you ask no questions, you will hear no lies
2. As soon as he stands up to speak, everyone is
silent
3. If you do not speak, I will fire
4. If you do not run fast, you will miss the bus
5. If you exercise regularly, you will soon get slim
6. Though he is wealthy, he is discontent
 Assignment - 4
Complex to compound
1. Run or you will not be on time
2. She was not welcomed, therefore she went
away
3. She heard the news and fainted at once
4. They wanted to win; therefore they went to
play
5. she was ill, so I forgave her
6. Do not eat too much or you will be ill.
 Assignment – 5
1. Having caught the bus, she went to the
university.
2. Unless the thief apologises, he will not be
pardoned.
3. None but a fool will believe you.
4. Seeing the teacher, the boys stood up.
5. Te sun was so hot that he would not sit outside.
6. Time is too precious to be wasted.
7. Gita, who is wearing a green frock, is m y sister.
8. No sooner had Joe seated himself than he asked
for water.
9. Children should study hard so that they might
pass the examination.
10. Seeing the people, the robber took to his
heels.
11. One should sympathise with the poor
12. Many years ago he had written to me.