EDUCATIONAL

PLANNING
Prof. RATNAMALA ARYA
RIE, BHOPAL
 UNIT 1
EDUCATIONAL PLANNING: CONCEPT
AND PLANNING
• CONCEPT AND NATURE OF EDUCATIONAL PLANNING
• NEED AND IMPORTANCE OF EDUCATIONAL PLANNING
• APPROACHES TO EDUCATIONAL PLANNING:
i. SOCIAL DEMAND APPROACH
ii. MANPOWER APPROACH
iii. RATE OF RETURN APPROACH
 CONCEPT AND NATURE OF
EDUCATIONAL PLANNING
• Definition:
Educational planning may be defined as a systematic design of action for realization of
educational aims and objectives for individual and social development through maximum
utilization of available resources. In practical perspective, educational planning is defined as a
process utilized by an administrator while performing the role of a leader, decision-maker,
change agent and so on.
Concept
Educational planning, in its broadest generic sense, is the application of rational, systematic
analysis to the process of educational development with the aim of making education more
effective and efficient in responding to the needs and goals of its students and society.
 Nature of Educational Planning
• Planning is purposeful : it is goal oriented. It is directed towards efficiency.
• Planning is a primary function : It is the basic level of management process.
• Pervasive process : Many people believe in planning. It is the job of all the managers
in all types of organizations.
• Intellectual process : A mental process involving imagination, foresight and sound
adjustment but not guesswork.
• Continuous process : An on-going/dynamic exercise as old assumptions change, old
plans are revised or new ones are prepared.
• Forward process : No plan can be prepared without knowledge of future.
• Involves choice : Decision making is core of planning
 NEED AND IMPORTANCE OF
EDUCATIONAL PLANNING
• It ensures success of the institution.
• It takes into consideration the important issues, conditions, constraints and factors in education.
• Its focus is on future objectives, vision and goals.
• It is proactive in nature in that it emphasizes perception and ability to apply theory and profit from it
in advance of action.
• It clarifies goals and the means to achieve those goals. Thus it eliminates trial-and-error process,
reduces chances of failure and ensures success.
• In other words, it provides intelligent direction to activity.
• Effective and efficient planning saves time, effort and money.
• It is a co-ordinated means of attaining pre-determined purposes.
• Education is a public service demanded by the public and supplied by the government. For any
government effort of such a large magnitude as education, planning is absolutely necessary.
 APPROACHES TO EDUCATIONAL
PLANNING:
SOCIAL DEMAND APPROACH
• Definition
• This approach requires the education authorities to provide schools and find
facilities for all students who demand admission and who are qualified to
enter.
• Aghenta (1987) opined that this approach looks on education, as service
demanded by people just like any other social services.
 STEPS
• To estimate the proportion of students completing school education and are
likely to enter into higher education.
• To estimate how many of these successful school leaving students would
actually apply for admission to colleges.
• To determine how many of the applicants should be given admission to
higher education.
• To determine the length and duration of the study.
•
 ADVANTAGES
• Advantages
• one of the most important advantages of this approach is that it is a starting point in planning
education for the future. For instance , a major task for most African countries , and indeed , other
developing countries at the time of independence , was to educate their people in order to bring
about social , economic and political development. This was feasible by providing their populace
with at least free primary education as the latter was seen as leading to such development.
• The social-demand approach is a useful tool to educational planners especially when they formulate
educational plans - because planning is done for the entire society and not for the individuals. Here ,
an estimate of the population growth trend is determined and education is thus provided.
 LIMITATIONS

• Disadvantages: First , it does not show whether there is an alternative means of allocating resources. In
other words , this approach tends to ignore the larger problem of national allocation of resources. For
instance , this approach assumes that the cost factor is not important. Yet , the costs are at the base of the
ability of the government to provide education.
• Second , the social demand approach takes very little account of the employment sector. Hence ,it ignores
the character and patterns of the manpower needed by the modern sector of the economy. This ,
eventually , may end up in a situation whereby there may be an over-production of one category of
personnel against too few in another category.
• Third, there is extensive construction of schools and large enrolments are realized all these against very
limited resources. The end result is that there is thin spreading of these resources across- the- board
which eventually affects the quality and effectiveness of the education system. Such a situation has been
observed in developing countries, where large numbers of school leavers cannot get employment in the
modern sector of the economy.
 MANPOWER APPROACH

• In this method, the general demand for and the capacity of supply of human
resources in different streams of and at different levels of the educational sector are
estimated.
• The approach asserts that the system of education produces the right quality of
human resources with desirable knowledge, attitudes and skills in the right numbers
and thus, education is directly linked with economic development.
•
 The application of the manpower planning
approach depends on these factors:
• An appraisal and analysis of the existing employment conditions and the system of
education,
• Planning the system of education vis-a-vis the manpower needs of the economy, and
• Using the financial resources (which are limited) in an optimum way so as to fulfill the
demands of the employment sector without incurring wastage on account of unemployment.
• Making an appraisal of the number of students enrolled, the number of existing teachers
and their qualifications, enrolment in teacher education institutions (availability of future
teachers), as well as the existing number of school buildings, equipments, infrastructure and
other facilities.
• The requirements of the employers regarding occupational and/ or professional
qualifications for employees, their levels of training and abilities should also be assessed.
 ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS
ADVANTAGES
1. The required number of staff shall be recruited at each level in the hierarchy.
2. Staffing requirements can be better balanced and movement of staff can be made easier by
manpower planning.
3. Areas of high labour turnover are highlighted in manpower planning.
4. Implications of changes in recruitment, promotion and succession plans are foreseeable.
DISADVANTAGES
1. Detailed records are needed plus expensive clerical staff.
2. Problems of forecasting changes, especially in technological and Government policy areas.
3. Manpower planning can be uncertain even for at few years ahead. Particularly, in a dynamic
business situation it is really difficult to foresee the future with maximum accuracy.
 RATE OF RETURN APPROACH
• According to this approach, investment in education should take place in such a way that the returns
from the investment are equal to the returns from other kinds of investment of capital, e.g.,
investment in industry. This principle is known as ‘equi-marginal returns’ in economic theory and
could be extended to educational sector.
• This approach treats education as an investment in human capital and uses rate of returns as a
criterion in allocation of financial resources. The approach implies that if the rate of return is low,
expenditure on education should be curtailed.
• However, in reality, it is difficult to apply this approach to education due to problems associated with
measuring rate of returns in education.
• An educated person’s earnings or rate of returns depend upon his/her innate intelligence, parental
socio-economic status, motivation and aspirations. Hence, it is not easy to attribute the rate of
returns only to education acquired. Hence, this approach is least frequently applied to education
 ADVANTAGES

• By looking at the age earnings structure of the educated person, it is possible

to measure or quantify the increase in productivity of an educated person.
• The analysis can show or suggest the directions in which education systems
in a society should expand so as to maximize the earning capacity of their
products.
• It shows the relationship between the cost of gaining more education and
the increase in payment which results from additional education.
 LIMITATIONS
It is a wrong assumption to say that salaries reflect productivity.
It is difficult to measure the benefits, which derives from investing in any type of education
In developing countries, differentials in earnings of workers cannot be attributed to additional
education acquired but to other things such as habits, customers, family background, primordial
factor etc.
Primary education gives the highest return to society, according to some studies done on the
calculation of the social rates of return for all levels of education in Nigeria.
The salaries of civil servants are more influences by economic variables than by productivity
considerations.
A financial return from education has been inflated in African by past scarcity of people with
particular type and level of education.
Civil servants salaries owe much to economic context of the country but little to productivity
considerations.
 UNIT II
PLANNING: TYPES AND PROBLEMS
• STRATEGIC PLANNING, SHORT TERM PLANNING,
MANAGEMENT PLANNING, AREA PLANNING, INSTITUTIONAL
PLANNING, MICRO AND MACRO PLANNING, GRASS ROOT
LEVEL PLANNING, ROLLING PLAN
• PROBLEMS OF PLANNING
 STRATEGIC PLANNING
• Strategic planning is the process of setting goals, deciding on actions to achieve those goals
and mobilizing the resources needed to take those actions. A strategic plan describes how
goals will be achieved through the use of available resources.
 ADVANTAGES

• 1. Financial benefits:
Firms that make strategic plans have good sales, low costs, high EPS (earnings
per share) and high profits.
• Guide to organisational activities:
Strategic planning guides members towards organisational goals.
, SHORT TERM PLANNING,
MANAGEMENT PLANNING,
AREA PLANNING,
INSTITUTIONAL PLANNING,
MICRO AND MACRO PLANNING,
GRASS ROOT LEVEL PLANNING,
ROLLING PLAN
PROBLEMS OF PLANNING
 UNIT III
MECHANISM AND PROCESS OF
EDUCATIONAL PLANNING
• ADMINISTRATIVE MACHINERY: (a) NATIONAL (b) STATE LVEL (c)
DISTRICT LEVEL (d) BLOCK LEVEL (e) INSTITUTIONAL LEVEL
• FACTORS INFLUENCING IN DETERMINATION OF PRIORITIES
IN PLANNING
• NEED-BASED DATA FOR EDUCATIONAL PLANNING
• RESEARCH CONTRIBUTION TO POLICY PLANNING
ADMINISTRATIVE MACHINERY: (a)
NATIONAL
(b) STATE LVEL
(c) DISTRICT LEVEL
(d) BLOCK LEVEL
(e) INSTITUTIONAL LEVEL
 FACTORS INFLUENCING IN
DETERMINATION OF PRIORITIES IN
PLANNING
 NEED-BASED DATA FOR
EDUCATIONAL PLANNING
RESEARCH CONTRIBUTION TO POLICY
PLANNING
 UNIT IV
EDUCATIONAL PLANNING AND
FINANCING IN INDIA
• EDUCATIONAL PLANNING IN INDIA: ROLE OF NATIONAL
DEVELOPMENT COUNCIL, PLANNING COMMISSION AND STATE
PLANNING BOARDS/ FIVE YEAR PLANS IN INDIA PERSPECTIVE
PLANNING, FACTORS INFLUENCING EDUCATIONAL ALLOCATIONS
• EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES OF FUNDS: PUBLIC FUNDS, LOCAL
BODIES FUNDS, PRIVATE FUNDS
• PRINCIPLES OF EDUCATIONAL FINANCE
• SALIENT FEATURES OF FINANCING OF EDUCATION IN INDIA
EDUCATIONAL PLANNING IN INDIA:
ROLE OF NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT
COUNCIL
PLANNING COMMISSION AND STATE
PLANNING BOARDS
FIVE YEAR PLANS IN INDIA
PERSPECTIVE PLANNING
 FACTORS INFLUENCING
EDUCATIONAL ALLOCATIONS
EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES OF FUNDS:
PUBLIC FUNDS
LOCAL BODIES FUNDS
PRIVATE FUNDS
PRINCIPLES OF EDUCATIONAL
FINANCE
SALIENT FEATURES OF FINANCING OF
EDUCATION IN INDIA
 UNIT V
PRINCIPLES AND MODELS OF
PLANNING
• PRINCIPLES OF MODERN EDUCATIONAL PLANNING
• CHARACTERISTICS OF EDUCATIONAL PLANNING
• INTRA-EDUCATIONAL EXTRAPOLATION MODEL
• DEMOGRAPHIC PROJECTION MODEL
• SCHOOL MAPPING: PURPOSE AND PROCESS
 PRINCIPLES OF MODERN
EDUCATIONAL PLANNING
CHARACTERISTICS OF EDUCATIONAL
PLANNING
 INTRA-EDUCATIONAL
EXTRAPOLATION MODEL
DEMOGRAPHIC PROJECTION MODEL
SCHOOL MAPPING: PURPOSE AND
PROCESS