History

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History

 Is a descriptive chronological recording of significant past events

in relation to the political, economical and cultural dimension.
 LIVING PAST- can be useful and applicable to present day and future
issues in terms of background information.
 PRESENT and PAST events relationship.
 Tracing the chain of even.
History
 Greek word Historia which means knowledge acquired through inquiry or
investigation
 As old as Mathematics and philosophy.
 Became known as the account of the past of a person or of a group through
written documents.
 History became an important academic discipline because one of the duty of
the historian is to write about the lives of the important individuals like Queen and
Kings and also focused on writing wars, revolution and others,
 No Document, No History.
 Other civilization do not keep written records, some were passing through History
by mouth.
 For those personalities who do not have some records of life, this is one of the
historian’s issue. This loop holes was recognize who start using other kinds of
historical sources like on the forms of epics, songs, artifacts, architecture and
memory.
Reasons for the Study of History

 1. Knowing the racial and cultural roots of the people.

o Pinagmulan at Pagkakakilanlan ng bawat tao, iyong social,
economics, political and geographical background.
 2. Understanding the conditions and events on state formation.
o History of a country and people is the best way to understood
where the stages of the formation of the state.
 3. Finding the cause of economic problems.
o Problem on the economy solve historical causes which send be
clarified so that present solution may be made sharper than the
past.
 4. Knowing of current of foreign influences on the history of country.
o The development of the economy culture government and arts
uses much influences commonly from other countries.
 5. Comprehending internal conflicts.
o Country is replete with the conflicts that have left scars on the
memory of the people. Those may have been resolved but use
again in the future.
 6. Appreciating the role of the historical figures.
o Every history of a country has an individual or group at the centre of
events.
 Artifacts
 Historians use artifacts from by gone era to study ancient civilization.

 Linguist
 By studying language and the changes that it has undergone by the help of this
it will be helpful on tracing historical evolution, past connection among
different group and from the cultural influences.
Questions and Issues on History

 Has already form into a complex and dynamic inquiry.

 Produce various questions like, What is History? Why study History?
and History from whom?
 These questions can be owned by historiography.
 Historiography
 means is the History of History.
History and Historiography

 Should not confused with each other.

 History- study of the past. The events that happened on the past
and the causes of such events.
 Historiography- let the students have a better understanding of
history. They do not only get to learn historical facts, but they are
also provided with understanding of the facts and the historian
context.

 History is important for someone who studies history because it

teaches the students to be critical in the lesson of the history present
to him.
Positivism

 The school of thought that emerge between 18th and 19th century.
 This thought requires empire and observable evidence before one
claim that a particular knowledge is true.
 No document, No history.
 As a narrative, any history that has been taught and written is
always intended for a certain group of audience.
 When the Illustrators, like Dr. Jose Rizal they intended it for the
Spaniards so that they would realize that Filipinos are people of their
own intellect and culture.
Postcolonialism

 Emerged on the early 20th century.

 Idea of creating their identities and understanding their society
against the shadow of their colonial past.
 Looks two things in writing history.
1. tell the history of their nation that will highlight their identity free
from that of colonial influences.
2. Criticize the methods effects and idea of colonialism.
 One of the problems confronted by history is the accusation that
the history is always written by Victors. This connotes that the
narrative of the past is always from the bias of the powerful and
more dominant player.
 2nd world war on the Philippines ( U.S as the Hero, Japanese as the
Traitor)
History and the Historian
 An exact and accurate account of the past is impossible for the
very simple person that he cannot go back to the past.
 Historians only get to access representation of the past through
historical sources and evidences.
 Historian’s job not just to seek historical evidences and facts but
also to interpret those facts.
 Facts cannot speak for themselves.
 Job of the historian is to give meaning to these facts and
organize them into a timeline, establish causes and write history.
 Historian is not a blank paper who mechanically interpret and
analyze present historical facts.
 Historian is a person of his own who is by his own context,
environment, ideology, education and influences among others.
 His interpretation of the Historical fact is affected by his context and
circumstances.
 Every thing will eventually affect everything.
 Historical research requires Rigor ( means very exact, careful and
strict )
 Study of history remains Scientific because of the rigor pf research
and methodology that historians employ.
 Historical Methodology comprises techniques and rules that
historians follow in order to properly utilize sources and historical
evidences in writing history.
 Why? Because on cases of conflicting account in different strikes
and on how to properly treat eye witness accounts and oral sources
as valid historical evidences.
 Historical claims done by Historians and the Argument they forward,
on their historical writings may be influence by the Historian’s
inclination, can still be validated by using reliable evidences and
employing correct and meticulous historical methodology.
Annales School of History

 Is a school of history born in France that challenge the canons of

history.
 This school of thought did away with the common historical subject
that were almost always related to the conduct of states and
monarchs.
 Lucien Febrve, March Bloch, Fernand Braudel, Jacques Le Goff
studied subject in a Historical manner.
 They were concerned with social history and studied longer
historical periods.
 Annales Thinkers married history with other discipline like Geography,
Anthropology, Archaeology and Linguistics.
For Example

 If a Historian choose to use an oral account as his data on studying

the ethnic history of Ifugaos on cordillera during the American
occupation, he needs to validate the claims of his informant
through comparing and corroborating it with written sources.
Historical Sources

 What is the most important research tools for the Historians?

 Ans: Historical sources
 Can be classified between primary and secondary sources.
 The classification of sources between these two categories depend
on the Historical subject being studied.
 Primary Sources
 Are those sources produce at the same time as the event period
or subject being studied.

EXAMPLE:
 If the historian wishes to study the Commonwealth Constitution
Convention of 1935.
 Primary Sources is Minutes of the Convention, Newspapers,
Clippings and Records.
 Martial Law.
 Also Archival Documents, Artifacts, Memorabilia, Letters, Census
and Government Records.
 Secondary Sources
 Are those sources which were produce by an author who used
primary sources to produce materials in order words secondary
sources are Historical sources which studied a certain historical
subject.

EXAMPLE:
 Subject to be discuss is about Philippines Revolution of 1896, students
can read Teodore Agoncillo’s Revolt of Masses.

 Students should not be confused about what counts as a primary or

secondary sources. The classification of sources between primary
and secondary depends not on the period when the source was
produce but on the subject of the Historical Research.
EXAMPLE:
 Textbooks is always classified as a Secondary source, it is usual but not automate.
 If a Historian chooses to write the History of Education on the
1980’s, he can utilize textbooks used on that period as a primary
sources.
 Is a Historian wishes to study the Historiography of the Filipino-
American war for example, he can use work of different authors
on the topic as his primary source as well.
 Historian and Students of history need thoroughly scrutinize these
historical sources to avoid deception and to come up with
historical truth.
 Solution- is to conduct a External and Internal criticism of sources
especially primary sources which can age for century.
External Criticism

 Is a practice for verifying the authenticity of evidence by examining

its Physical Characteristics/Consistency with the historical
characteristics of the time when it was produce and the materials
used for the evidence.

EXAMPLE:
 Of the things that will examined when conducting External Criticism
of a document include Quality of the Paper, Type of Ink, Language
and Words used on the materials.
Internal Criticism
 Is the examination of the truthfulness of the evidence, it looks at
the content of the sources and examine the circumstances of its
production, its also look at the truthfulness and factuality of the
evidence by looking at the author of the sources, its context, the
agenda behind its creation, the knowledge which inform it, and
its intended purposes among others.
EXAMPLE:
 Japanese report and declaration during the period of war should
not be taken as a historical facts hastily because historian
acknowledge and analyze how such reports can be
manipulated to be use as War Propaganda.
 Without thorough criticism of historical evidences, historical
deceptions and lies will be highly probable.
Code of Kalantiaw
 The code was set of rules contain on an epic, MARAGTAS.
 Allegedly written by a certain DATU KALANTIAW.
 The document was sold to the National Library, regarded as an
important precolonial documents until 1968.
 When American Historian William Henry Scott debunk the
authenticity of the code due to anachronism and laws of evidence
to prove that the code existed on Pre-colonial Philippine society.
 Ferdinand Marcos also claim that he was a decorated world war II
soldier who led guerilla unit called Ang Maharlika.
 This claim was disproven by historians when they counterchecked
Marcos claims with the war record of the United states.
 Rigorous Historical Research.
Task of Historians
 1. Is to look at the available Historical Sources.
 2. Select most relevant and meaningful for history and for the
subject matter that he is studying.
 3. The task of Historian is to organize the past that is being
created so that it can offer lessons for nation, societies and
civilization.
 4. Seek for the meaning of recovering the past to let the people
see the continuing relevance of provenance, memory,
remembering and Historical understanding for both the present
and the future.