Section 2.

1
The Nature of Matter
Objectives
1. To learn about the composition of matter

2. To learn the difference between elements and

compounds

3. To define the three states of matter

Section 2.1
The Nature of Matter
A. The Particulate Nature of Matter
• Matter has mass and occupies space.
• It is composed of tiny particles called atoms.
Section 2.1
The Nature of Matter

B. Elements and Compounds

Elements
• Elements contain only one type of atom – elemental
copper contains only copper atoms and elemental gold
contains only gold atoms.
Section 2.1
The Nature of Matter

B. Elements and Compounds

Compounds
• Compounds are substances that contain two or more
different types of atoms.
Section 2.1
The Nature of Matter

C. The States of Matter

• Matter exists in three states:

– Solid: a rigid substance with a definite shape
– Liquid: has a definite volume but takes the shape of its
container
– Gas: takes the shape and volume of its container
Section 2.1
The Nature of Matter

Structure of a Solid

• Molecules are held close to each other by

their attractions of charge.

• They will bend and/or vibrate, but will stay

in close proximity.

• Video Clip
Section 2.1
The Nature of Matter

Structure of a Solid
Section 2.1
The Nature of Matter

Structure of a Liquid

• Molecules will flow or glide over one another, but

stay toward the bottom of the container.

• Motion is a bit more random than that of a solid. p

• Video Clip
Section 2.1
The Nature of Matter

Structure of a Liquid
Section 2.1
The Nature of Matter

Structure of a Gas

• Molecules are in continual straightline motion.

• The kinetic energy of the molecule is greater than the

attractive force between them, thus they are much
farther apart and move freely of each other.

• When the molecules collide with each other, or with the

walls of a container, there is no loss of energy.

• Video Clip
Section 2.1
The Nature of Matter

Structure of a Gas
Section 2.1
The Nature of Matter

• The Kinetic Molecular Theory explains the forces between

molecules and the energy that they possess. This theory has 3
basic assumptions.

– Matter is composed of small particles (molecules).

– The measure of space that the molecules occupy (volume) is

derived from the space inbetween the molecules and not the
space the molecules contain themselves.

– The molecules are in constant motion. This motion is different

for the 3 states of matter.
• Solid = low KE & strong attractive forces
• Liquids = KE & attractive forces are higher than solids and
lower than gases
• Gases = High KE & weak attractive forces
Section 2.1
The Nature of Matter
Laws Regarding Matter
• The amount of matter and total
mass remains the same
• Law of Constant
Composition (Law of
Conservation of Mass) = All
samples of a given compound
have the same proportions of
their constituent elements.
• All Physical and Chemical
Changes involve some transfer
of energy.
– Energy can be as heat or
light (Can cause
physical/chemical changes)
• Law of Conservation of
Energy: Energy is not created
of destroyed, only changed.
Section 2.1
The Nature of Matter

Laws Regarding Matter

• Law of definite proportion
– A given compound always contains exactly the
same proportion of elements by mass

• Law of multiple proportions

– When two elements form a series of compounds,
the ratios of the masses of the second element that
combine with 1 gram of the first element can always
be reduced to small whole numbers.
Section 2.1
The Nature of Matter
Objectives
1. To learn to distinguish between physical and chemical
properties.

2. To learn to distinguish between physical and chemical

changes.
Section 2.1
The Nature of Matter
A. Physical and Chemical Properties and Changes
• Properties are used to identify and separate the substance.

• Ex: Substance = metals Properties = conduct electricity

• Matter has both physical and chemical properties.

– Chemical properties describe a substance’s ability to change
to a different substance.

– Physical properties are the characteristics of a substance that

do not involve changing to another substance.
• Examples are: shape, size and color, melting point, boiling
point
Section 2.1
The Nature of Matter
A. Physical and Chemical Properties and Changes
• Matter undergoes physical and chemical changes.
– A physical change involves a change in one or
more physical properties but no change in
composition.
– Ex: cutting, melting, boiling, freezing
Section 2.1
The Nature of Matter
A. Physical and Chemical Properties and Changes
• Matter undergoes physical and chemical changes.
– A chemical change transforms a substance into
one or more new substances.
– Ex: electrolysis, precipitates, formation of light/heat
Section 2.1
The Nature of Matter
Objectives
1. To learn to distinguish between mixtures and pure
substances

2. To learn methods of separating mixtures

Section 2.1
The Nature of Matter
A. Mixtures and Pure Substances
• Matter can be classified as a mixture or a pure
substance.
Section 2.1
The Nature of Matter
Classification of Matter:

• Mixtures = a blend of two or more kinds of matter, each of

which retains its own identity and properties.
• - Parts can mixed together physically and usually can be
separated.
• - Contain various amounts of different substances, so the
composition needs to be specified. (% Mass = EX: 5 % NaCl
and 95 % water)

• Homogeneous (solutions): Uniform in composition

(Saltwater, air, milk, alloys)

• Heterogeneous: not uniform throughout (can be separated)

(pizza, concrete, salad)
Section 2.1
The Nature of Matter
A. Mixtures and Pure Substances

• A pure substance always has the same composition.

• Pure substances are of two types:

– Elements which cannot

be broken down
chemically into simpler
substances

– Compounds which can

be chemically broken Water is a compound. All the
components are the same—H2O molecules.
down into elements
Section 2.1
The Nature of Matter

Homogeneous Mixtures
Section 2.1
The Nature of Matter

Mixture vs. Solution

Section 2.1
The Nature of Matter

Mixture vs. Compound

Section 2.1
The Nature of Matter
Summary: The Organization of Matter
Section 2.1
The Nature of Matter
Separation techniques of mixtures:

• Filtration = to filter a solid from a liquid

– Filtrate
– Residue
– Decant = used when the mixture consists of
substances of different densities.
• The less dense substances is carefully poured
off of the more dense one.

• Centrifugation - used when the substances have

very similar densities, or when one of the substances
consists of very fine particles suspended in a liquid.

• Electrolysis – electric current to separate water into

hydrogen gas and oxygen gas
Section 2.1
The Nature of Matter

B. Separation of Mixtures
Mixtures can be separated into pure substances by
various means.
• filtration
Section 2.1
The Nature of Matter

Chromatography
This technique separates substances (dyes and pigments) on
the basis of differences in solubility in a solvent.

Paper Chromatography = A solvent travels through paper by

capillary action and carries the pigments with it. Different pigments
are deposited at different places on the paper depending on how much
they like the solvent compared to how much they like to stick to the
paper.
Solvent
Solute
Section 2.1
The Nature of Matter

Separation Techniques
• Distillation = to remove dissolved substances from a
liquid or to separate a mixture of liquids that have
different boiling points.
• The original liquid is heated.
• The temperature is measured.
• The vapor is collected and condensed back into a liquid.
• The new liquid is collected.
Section 2.1
The Nature of Matter

B. Separation of Mixtures
Mixtures can be separated into pure substances by
various means.
• distillation