Thermal Energy & Heat

Heat and Its Uses

Thermal Energy & Heat

16.1 Thermal Energy and Matter

 THERMAL ENERGY & MATTER: Journal

1. In which direction does heat flow spontaneously?

2. Define TEMPERATURE
3. How is THERMAL ENERGY transferred?
4. What are the factors that determine the THERMAL
ENERGY of a material?
5. Which type of material heats more, one with a high specific
heat, or one with a low specific heat?
6. Is WORK 100% efficient? How do you know?
THERMAL ENERGY & MATTER

 Work and Heat- work is never 100% efficient. Some

is always lost to heat.
THERMAL ENERGY & MATTER

 Heat- the transfer of thermal energy from one object

to another because of a temperature difference.

In what direction does heat flow spontaneously?

FROM HOT to COLD
THERMAL ENERGY & MATTER

 Temperature = measure of how hot or cold something

is compared to a reference point.

Temperature is the average kinetic energy of the particles

in an object.

In the image below, where is average kinetic energy

greater?
Higher temperature 
THERMAL ENERGY & MATTER
 Heat flows DOWN the bar through
COLLISIONS.
 Collisions transfer thermal energy from hot to
cold.
THERMAL ENERGY & MATTER

 Thermal energy- total potential and kinetic energy in

an object. It depends on mass, temperature, and phase
of an object.
If both objects are in the same phase & at the same temperature,
which one has MORE thermal energy?
 Because there
are MORE
particles moving
around.
 THERMAL ENERGY & MATTER

 Thermal expansion/contraction - change in

volume of a material due to temperature
change.
Occurs because particles of matter collide more or less as
temperature changes.

Thermal expansion 
Also, wrap on beaker and lava lamp
THERMAL ENERGY & MATTER

 Specific Heat – amount of heat needed to raise ONE

gram of a material ONE degree Celsius.
THERMAL ENERGY & MATTER

 The LOWER a material’s specific heat the MORE its

temperature rises when energy is added.
Which will heat faster (has the lower specific heat)?
Water? Or Lead?
YES!

Specific heat of water = 4.18 J/g°C Specific heat of lead = 0.46J/g°C

Thermal Energy & Heat

16.2 Heat and Thermodynamics

HEAT TRANSFER
 What type of HEAT TRANSFER is occurring in the
pictures? Conduction, convection or radiation?
CONDUCTION –
The transfer of thermal energy with no transfer of
matter.
HEAT TRANSFER
 What type of HEAT TRANSFER is occurring in the
pictures? Conduction, convection or radiation?
CONVECTION –
The transfer of thermal energy when particles of a liquid
or gas move from one place to another
HEAT TRANSFER

CONVECTION – in the earth and sun

HEAT TRANSFER
 What type of HEAT TRANSFER is occurring in the
pictures? Conduction, convection or radiation?
RADIATION –
The transfer of thermal energy by waves moving
through space. ALL OBJECTS radiate energy!
THERMODYNAMICS
 The study of conversions between thermal energy
and other forms of energy.
THERMODYNAMICS
 First Law: Energy is Conserved
Thermal Energy & Heat

16.3 Using Heat

 THERMAL ENERGY & MATTER: Journal

1. Define Convection, Conduction and

Radiation
2. Give an example of each.
3. Write a sentence describing how each is
important to our everyday lives.
4. How do we use heat in our everyday lives?
PART 2 - USING HEAT
HEAT ENGINES
The two main types of heat engines are External combustion and
Internal Combustion

External = power plants

Internal = car engine

PART 2 - USING HEAT
External combustion – produces electricity at
power plants.
Water is heated by a fuel and the pressurized steam spins a
turbine.
http://www.eas.asu.edu/~holbert/eee463/coal.html
PART 2 - USING HEAT
HEAT ENGINES
External combustion – nuclear power plants.
USING HEAT

Internal combustion – car

engines.
The fuel (gas) is compressed
and ignited (lit) to drive a
piston.
USING HEAT
Internal combustion –
car engines.
Four-stroke engine.