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Pineal
gland
Pituitary
Parathyroids
Thyroid (posterior
part of
thyroid)
Thymus
Adrenals Pancreas
(islets)
Ovaries
(female) Testes
(male)
1
Unit Objectives
1. Discuss the endocrine glands
2. Define endocrine, exocrine and hormones
3. Give the hormones secreted and its function for
each major endocrine gland
4. Describe the relationship between the
hypothalamus and the pituitary gland
5. Explain the regulation of hormone secretions
6. List some common disorders resulting to
hormonal imbalances
2
Functions
1. Controls homeostasis
2. Maintains water balance
3. Controls uterine contractions
4. Controls milk production
5. Regulates ions (calcium, sodium, potassium)
6. Regulates metabolism and growth
7. Regulates heart rate and blood pressure
8. Monitors blood glucose levels
9. Aids the immune system
10. Reproductive functions
Components of Endocrine System
• Endocrine glands:
secrete their product directly into blood stream
• Chemical signal:
molecules that are released from one location,
move to another location, and produce a response
4
Types of Chemical Signals
• Intracellular:
produce in one of part a cell and move to
another part of same cell
• Intercellular:
released from one cell and bind to receptors
on another cell
5
Types of Intercellular Signals
• Autocrine:
- released by cells and a have local effect on
same cell type
- Ex. Eicosanoids (released in response to
inflammation)
• Paracrine:
- released by cells that affect other cell types in
close proximity
- Ex. Somatostatin (inhibits insulin secretion) 6
• Neurotransmitter and neuromodulators:
- secreted by nerve cells
- Ex. Nervous system function
• Pheromones:
- secreted into env’t and modify behavior and
physiology of other individual in same species
- Ex. Women and menstrual cycles
• Hormones and neurohormones:
- secreted into blood and bind to receptor sites
- Ex. Epinephrine and insulin
7
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Paracrine
Neuron Neurotransmitter
Endocrine
Components of Hormones
• Receptor site:
location on a cell where hormone binds (lock)
• Target tissues:
group of cells that respond to specific hormones
• Specificity:
specific hormones bind to specific receptor sites
9
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Hormone 1 Hormone 2
Capillary
Circulating Hormone 2
Hormone 1
blood cannot bind to
bound to
its receptor this receptor
Hormone 1
receptor
Target cell
for hormone 1
How does this work?
1. Hormones are secreted by endocrine glands
directly into bloodstream
4. Response occurs
11
How do hormones cause change?
• Alter cell activity of target tissues by increasing
or decreasing cell’s normal processes
• Synthesis of proteins
12
Types of Hormones
• Water soluble:
- includes proteins, peptides, amino acids
- most common
- Ex. Growth hormone, antidiuretic, prolactin, etc.
• Lipid hormones:
- includes steroids and eicosanoids
- Ex. LH, FSH, androgens
13
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Water-soluble hormone
(glucagon, prolactin)
Lipid-soluble hormone Membrane-bound receptor
(thyroid or steroid)
G protein
complex
Cellular ATP Adenylate
responses cyclase
cAMP
Nucleus Protein
kinase
Hormone
Nuclear
DNA receptor Cellular responses
(a) (b)
14
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mRNA
Nuclear pore
15
Regulation of Hormones
• Blood levels of chemicals:
Ex. Blood glucose levels (insulin)
• Other hormones:
Ex. TSH signals thyroid gland to release thyroid
hormone
• Nervous system:
Ex. Epinephrine and fight or flight response
• Negative Feedback:
tells body when homeostasis is reached
16
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Stimulatory
Hypothalamus
Releasing hormone
1
Anterior pituitary
Posterior pituitary
Hormone
2
3 Target
Target
endocrine
cell
Hormone
3 The target endocrine cell secretes its hormone into the blood, where 17
it travels to its target and produces a response.
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(a) Negative feedback by hormones (b) Positive feedback by hormones
3 3
Negative Positive
feedback feedback
Target Target
Target Target
endocrine endocrine
cell cell
2 2
Hormone Hormone
1 The anterior pituitary gland secretes a tropic hormone, which travels 1 The anterior pituitary gland secretes a tropic hormone, which travels
in the blood to the target endocrine cell. in the blood to the target endocrine cell.
2 The hormone from the target endocrine cell travels to its target. 2 The hormone from the target endocrine cell travels to its target.
3 The hormone from the target endocrine cell also has a 3 The hormone from the target endocrine cell also has a
negative-feedback effect on the anterior pituitary and positive-feedback effect on the anterior pituitary and increases
hypothalamus and decreases secretion of the tropic hormone. secretion of the tropic hormone.
18
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19
Hormone Receptors and
Mechanisms of Action
Water-soluble hormone
(glucagon, prolactin)
Lipid-soluble hormone Membrane-bound receptor
(thyroid or steroid)
G protein
complex
Cellular ATP Adenylate
responses cyclase
cAMP
Nucleus Protein
kinase
Hormone
Nuclear
DNA receptor Cellular responses
(a) (b)
21
Please note that due to differing
operating systems, some animations
will not appear until the presentation is
viewed in Presentation Mode (Slide
Show view). You may see blank slides
in the “Normal” or “Slide Sorter” views.
All animations will appear after viewing
in Presentation Mode and playing each
animation. Most animations will require
the latest version of the Flash Player,
which is available at
http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer.
22
Please note that due to differing
operating systems, some animations
will not appear until the presentation is
viewed in Presentation Mode (Slide
Show view). You may see blank slides
in the “Normal” or “Slide Sorter” views.
All animations will appear after viewing
in Presentation Mode and playing each
animation. Most animations will require
the latest version of the Flash Player,
which is available at
http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer.
23
Pituitary Gland
24
Figure 10.11
Anterior Pituitary Gland
• Growth Hormone:
- Target tissues: most
- Functions: stimulates growth of bones,
muscles, and organs
- Abnormalities:
Too much GH causes giantism
Too little GH causes pituitary dwarfism
26
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Stimulatory
Hypothalamic Inhibitory
nerve cells
1 Stimuli within the nervous system
secrete
cause releasing and inhibiting hormones
releasing
(blue circles) to be secreted from nerve
and inhibiting 1
cells of the hypothalamus.
hormones.
Target tissue
or another endocrine
gland
27
• Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH):
- Target tissues: thyroid gland
- Abnormalities:
Too much TSH, thyroid gland enlarges
Too little TSH, thyroid gland shrinks
28
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Stimulatory
Inhibitory
Anterior
3 TSH causes increased release of thyroid hormones (T 3 and pituitary
T4) into the general circulation. TSH
2
T3 and T4
5 T3 and T4 also have an inhibitory effect on the secretion of
TSH-releasing hormone from the hypothalamus and TSH 4
from the anterior pituitary. 3
Thyroid gland
Target tissue
• Increases metabolism
• Increases body temperature
• Increases normal growth and
development
GONADOTROPINS
• LH (Luteinizing) for females:
- Target tissue: ovaries
- Function: promotes ovulation and progesterone
production
• LH for males:
- Target tissue: testes
- Function: sperm production and testosterone
30
• FSH (Follicle-Stimulating) for females:
- Target tissue: follicles in ovaries
- Function: follicle maturation and estrogen
secretion
31
• Prolactin:
- Target tissues: mammary glands and ovaries
32
Posterior Pituitary Gland
• Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH):
- Target tissues: kidneys
- Functions: conserve water
- Abnormalities:
Diabetes insipidus:
- low ADH
- kidneys to produce large amounts of dilute
(watery) urine
- can lead to dehydration and thirst
33
• Oxytocin:
- Target tissues: uterus
34
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Stimulatory
Inhibitory Hypothalamic
nerve cells
Target tissue
Thyroid Gland
• One of largest glands
• Requires iodine to function
• Thyroid hormones:
- Target tissues: most
37
Abnormalities of Thyroid Gland
• Hypothyroidism: • Hyperthyroidism:
– Decreased metabolism – Increased metabolism
– Weight gain, reduced – Weight loss, increased
appetite, fatigue appetite, nervousness
– Low temp. and pulse – Higher temp. and pulse
– Dry, cold skin – Warm, flushed skin
– Myxedema in adults – Graves’ disease (leads to
– Cretinism in infants goiter)
38
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Stimulatory
Inhibitory
Anterior
3 TSH causes increased release of thyroid hormones (T 3 and pituitary
T4) into the general circulation. TSH
2
T3 and T4
5 T3 and T4 also have an inhibitory effect on the secretion of
TSH-releasing hormone from the hypothalamus and TSH 4
from the anterior pituitary. 3
Thyroid gland
Target tissue
• Increases metabolism
• Increases body temperature
• Increases normal growth and
development
• Calcitonin:
- Target tissues: bones
40
Parathyroid gland
• Parathyroid hormone (PTH):
- Target tissues: bones and kidneys
(normal range)
(normal range)
Blood Ca2+
Blood Ca2+
1 Start here 6
Abdominal aorta
Adrenal gland
Fat
Renal artery
Adrenal
Renal vein
glands
Kidney
Ureter
Connective
tissue capsule
Secretes
mineralocorticoids
Secretes
Cortex glucocorticoids Cortex
Medulla
Adrenal
(b) gland
Secretes
androgens
Secretes
epinephrine and Medulla
norepinephrine
LM 100x
(c)
© Victor Eroschenko
Adrenal Glands
• On kidneys
• 2 regions medulla and cortex
Hypothalamus
stimulated by
• Stress
• Physical activity Target tissue
• Low blood glucose • Increases release of
levels glucose from the liver
• Increases release of fatty
acids from fat stores
• Increases heart rate
• Decreases blood flow
through blood vessels of
internal organs and skin
Action potentials travel • Increases blood flow to
through the sympathetic skeletal muscles and the
Secretion of heart
division of the autonomic epinephrine and
nervous system. • Decreases function of
norepinephrine visceral organs
increases. • Increases blood pressure
• Increases metabolic rate
in skeletal muscles
Adrenal
Adrenal Cortex (outer portion):
• Aldosterone:
- Type of mineralocorticoids
- Target tissues: kidneys
46
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Increased blood
Stimulatory
K+ levels
or
Blood vessels
decreased blood
constrict
Na+ levels
3 Converting
enzyme
2 The kidneys detect a decrease in blood
pressure. In response, they increase the
Angiotensin I
secretion of renin into the general Decreased blood
circulation. Renin converts angiotensinogen pressure
Aldosterone
to angiotensin I. A converting enzyme
changes angiotensin I to angiotensin II, Adrenal Renin
which causes constriction of blood vessels, cortex
resulting in increased blood pressure. 2 Angiotensinogen
Kidney (from the liver)
Inhibitory
Hypothalamic-pituitary
portal system
- Functions:
Males: secondary sexual characteristics
Females: sex drive
50
Pancreas
• Organ in abdomen
• Insulin:
- Target tissues: liver, skeletal muscle, adipose tissue
- Functions:
- regulates blood glucose levels
- after a meal glucose levels are high and insulin is
secreted
- extra glucose is stored in form of glycogen
51
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Common bile
duct from liver
Exocrine portions
Pancreas of pancreas (secrete
enzymes that move
through the ducts
to the small intestine)
Alpha cell
(secretes glucagon)
Pancreatic
islet
Beta cell
(secretes insulin)
To pancreatic
duct
LM 400x To bloodstream
- Function:
- regulates blood glucose levels
- between meals glucose levels drop and
glucagon is secreted
- glucagon allows glycogen to be broken
down into glucose
54
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3
4
Control center:
Pancreatic islets detect Effector activated:
an increase in blood Insulin stimulates glucose uptake
glucose and secrete by most tissues and promotes
insulin. glycogen storage in skeletal
muscle and liver. Excess glucose
is stored as fat.
(normal range)
(normal range)
Blood glucose
Blood glucose
1 Start here 6
56
Ovaries
• Estrogen/Progesterone:
- Target tissues: most
57
Thymus gland
• Thymosin:
- Target tissues: immune system tissues
58
Pineal Body (Gland)
• Melatonin:
Target tissues: hypothalamus
59