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The three principal players in any construction

project are:

î the owner,
î the designers (architects and engineers),
î the contractor
! #
$ %&' % 



 ' 
x (% 
½ o construction would ever be accomplished
without owners.

½ They are the driving force behind the

construction industry. Their demands for
housing, commercial facilities, industrial
products, and infrastructure are the chief
motivation to build.
There are basically two types of owners:
î public owners
î private owners
Y ' 
%  are typically government
agencies such as:

 federal government,
 development authorities (MDA, LDA, CDA,
FDA, etc.),
 ational Highway Authority ( HA),
 WAPDA,
 PTCL,
 WASA,
 PWD,
 Communication & Works,
 Housing,
 Urban Development and Public Health,
 Engineering,
 Irrigation and Power,
 Local Government and Rural Development etc.
 Y
 %
 may be individuals,
partnerships, corporations, or various
combinations.

Most private owners have structures built for their

own use: business, habitation (a place of
residence), pleasure, or otherwise.

However, some private owners do not intend to

become the end users. The completed
structure is to be sold, leased, or rented to
others.
¦  

 ) 

  

The architect-engineer, also known as the

design professional, is the party,
organization, or firm that designs the project.

The A-E can occupy a variety of positions with

respect to the owner for whom the design is
done.
Many public agencies and large corporate
owners maintain in-house design
capability.

The traditional and most common

arrangement is one in which the architect-
engineer is a private and independent
design firm that produces the project
design under contract with the owner.
In other case, the owner contracts with a
single party for both design and
construction services, which is referred to
as design-build.

In such a case, the architect-engineer is a

branch of, or is affiliated in some way with,
the construction contractor.
There are also arrangements in which large
industrial firms have chosen to reduce their in-
house design staffs and have established
permanent relationships with outside architect-
engineers.

Such "corporate partnerships" call upon the

architect-engineer to provide a broad range
of design, engineering, and related services.
Such arrangements are said to work to an
owner's advantage by fostering a team
approach and reducing litigation between the
parties.

 

½ The ! 

, also known as the general
contractor, is the business firm that is in contract
with the owner for the construction of the project,
either in its entirety or for some specialized portion.

½ The prime contractor is the party that brings

together all of the diverse elements and inputs of the
construction process into a single, coordinated effort.
½ The essential function of the prime contractor is close
management control of construction.

½ Contractor is in complete and sole charge of the field

operations, including the procurement and provision
of necessary construction materials and equipment.

½ The chief contribution of the prime contractor to the

construction process is the ability to marshal and
allocate the resources of labor, equipment, and
materials to the project in order to achieve
completion at maximum efficiency of time and cost.
½ A construction project presents the contractor
with many difficult management problems.

½ The skill with which these problems are met

determines, how favorably the contractor's
efforts serve its own interests as well as
those of the project owner.
   *'



½ A subcontractor is a construction firm that contracts

with a prime contractor to perform some aspect of
the prime contractor's work.

½ Sometimes, Prime contractor subcontracts portions of

its work or entire job. When entire job is
subcontracted, the general contractor provides only
supervision, job coordination, and general site
services.

½ Sometimes, the general contractor does no

subcontracting, choosing to do the entire job with its
own forces.
½ In the usual case, however, the prime contractor
performs the basic operations and subcontracts the
rest to various specialty contractors.

½ Subcontracting is used much more extensively in

housing and building construction than in engineering
and industrial projects.