PHILIPPINE

INSTITUTION
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HELLO!
I am Campado, Kyla S.
You can find me at
kyloveeees@gmail.com

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 “
What is Political Institution?

These are the organizations in a government which

create, enforce, and apply laws. They often mediate
conflict, make (governmental) policy on the
economy and social systems, and otherwise provide
presentation for the population.
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The Philippines …

Is a republic with presidential form of

government wherein power is equally divided
among its three branches: Executive,
Legislative, and Judicial. The government
seeks to act in the best interests of its citizens.
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 LEGISLATIVE BRANCH

Is authorized to make laws, alter, and repeal

them through the power vested in the
Philippine Congress. This institution is
divided into the Senate and the House of
Representatives.
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 EXECUTIVE BRANCH

Is composed of the President and Vice

President who are elected by direct popular
vote and serve a term of six years.

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 JUDICIAL BRANCH

Holds the power to settle controversies

involving the rights that are legally
demandable and enforceable.

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HELLO!
I am Zervoulakos, Eunice
Abigail J.
You can find me at
eunicezervoulakos30@gmail.com

9
 Philippine Political System

Describes the structure of government, its

fundamental principles and norms, and allow
how it carries out its policies, rules and
procedures. (Manalo, 2011)

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 REPUBLICAN STATE DEMOCRATIC STATE

- Is a state where in all - Emphasizes that the

government authority from Philippines has some
the people and exercised aspects of direct
by representatives chosen democracy such as
by the people. initiative and referendum.

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 Presidential System

As prescribed by the 1987 Philippine

Constitution shall be form of government the
Republic of the Philippines must be operate. It
is a system where the executive branch
depends on the support of legislative branch.
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PRESIDENT

Is the chief
executive is both the
head of state and the
head of the
government.
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PHILIPPINE
CONSTITUTION

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HELLO!
I am Liwanag, Abigale F.
You can find me at
abigaleliwanag46@gmail.com

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INTRODUCTION

Every state has a constitution of some kind

whether it be an elaborate document or just a
collection of rules. It is inconceivable how a
state could exist or survive without a
constitution of some form.
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INTRODUCTION

The foundation of the system of government

of the Philippines is the CONSTITUTION.

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What is a Constitution?

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A Constitution …

In its broad sense, refers to the body of

rules and principle in accordance with
which the powers of sovereignty is
regular exercised.
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The word Constitution comes …

Form the Latin word

“CONSTITUO” which means
“fixed”, “established” or “settled”.

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NATURE AND PURPOSES

 Serves as the supreme or fundamental

law.
 Establishes the basic framework and
underlying principles of government.

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The Philippines had Six Constitutions
The 5 constitutions started with the country's independence in 1898:

The 1899 Malolos The 1935

The 1943
Constitution (1899-1901) Constitution
Philippine Autonomy Constitution
(1935-1943,
Act of 1916 (1902-1935) (1943-1945)
1945-1973)

The 1973 The 1987

Constitution Constitution
(1973-1986) (1987-present)

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The 1899 Malolos Constitution (1899-1901)
• The constitution was drafted, for the first
time by representatives of the Filipino
people and it is the first republican
constitution in Asia.
• The final draft of the constitution was
presented to Aguinaldo. This paved the way
to launching the first Philippine Republic.
• It established a democratic, republication
government with three branches - the The iconic photograph of 1899
Executive, Legislative and the Judicial Malolos Congress; digitally colored,
branches.
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 Philippine Autonomy Act of 1916 / Jones Act of 1916

Jones Act, formally Philippine Autonomy

Act of 1916, statute announcing the intention of
the United States government to “withdraw
their sovereignty over the Philippine Islands as soon as
a stable government can be established therein.”

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 The 1935 Constitution (1935-1943, 1945-1973)

Upon the final and complete withdrawal of the

sovereignty of the United States and the proclamation of
Philippine independence, the Commonwealth of the
Philippines shall thenceforth be known as the Republic
of the Philippines

Article XVII, 1935 Constitution

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26
HELLO!
I am Bruno, Karen-Ann T.
You can find me at
kbruno1099@gmail.com

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 The 1943 Constitution (1943-1945)
The 1943 Constitution enumerates the duties and rights of
the citizens, requires the government to develop Tagalog
as the national language, and stipulates that one year after
the termination of the Great East Asia War or the World
War II; a new constitution shall be formulated and
adopted to replace this Constitution.

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 The 1943 Constitution (1943-1945)
In June 1943, the Preparatory Commission for
Philippine Independence (PCPI), composed of 20
delegates, was created to draft a new constitution by
the Kalibapi (Kapisanan sa Paglilingkod sa Bagong
Pilipinas)], the only political organization allowed at
that time.
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 Philippine
Executive
Commission
Chairman Jorge B.
Vargas reads a
message to the
Kalibapi in the
presence of Lt.
Gen. Shigenori
Kuroda and
Speaker Benigno
S. Aquino, in the
old Senate Session
Hall in the
Legislative
Building, Manila.

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 The 1973 Constitution (1973-1986)

The 1973 Constitution, according to former Aquino

spokesman Teodoro Locsin Jr, was never ratified as
the process conducted by then president Ferdinand
Marcos Jr. met strong opposition.

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 The 1973 Constitution (1973-1986)
Foreseeing that a direct ratification of the constitution was
bound to fail, Marcos issued Presidential Decree No. 86, s.
1972, creating citizens assemblies to ratify the newly
drafted constitution by means of a Viva Voce vote in
place of secret ballots.
However, the final decision of this case was that the
ratification of the 1973 Constitution was valid and was in
force.
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 The 1987 Constitution (1987-present)
Did you know that for every
change in the constitution in
the Philippines, the
President released a
proclamation to FUN
FACT!
commemorate the date
when the new charter took
effect? This day is called
Constitution Day.
President Corazon C.
Aquino, through
Proclamation No. 211 of
1988, assigned February 2
of each year as Constitution
Day to mark the new 1987
Constitution.
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 When democracy
was restored in 1986,
President Corazon C.
Aquino issued
Proclamation No. 3, Place your screenshot here
suspending certain
provisions of the
1973 Constitution
and promulgating in
its stead a transitory
constitution
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A month later,
President Aquino
issued Proclamation
No. 9, s. 1986, which
created a Place your screenshot here
Constitutional
Commission tasked
with writing a new
charter to replace the
1973 Constitution.

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 The 1987 Constitution (1987-present)

The 1987
Constitution finally
On February 11,
came into full force
1987, by virtue of
and effect that same
National Plebiscite was Proclamation No. 58,
day with the
held on February 2, 1987, President Aquino
President, other
ratifying the new announced the official
civilian officials, and
constitution. canvassing of results
members of the
and the ratification of
Armed Forces
the draft constitution.
swearing allegiance
to the new charter.

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 The 1987 Constitution
Article I: National Territory
Article II: Declaration of Principles and State Policies
Article III: Bill of Rights
Article IV: Citizenship
Article V: Suffrage
Article VI: Legislative Department
Article VII: Executive Department
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 The 1987 Constitution
Article VIII: Judicial Department
Article IX: Constitutional Commissions
Article X: Local Government
Article XI: Accountability of Public Officers
Article XII: National Economy and Patrimony
Article XIII: Social Justice and Human Rights

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 The 1987 Constitution

Article XIV: Education, Science and Technology, Arts,

Culture and Sports
Article XV: The Family
Article XVI: General Provisions
Article XVII: Amendments or Revisions
Article XVIII: Transitory Provisions
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THE LEGISLATIVE
BRANCH
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HELLO!
I am Nogales, Ronalie S.
You can find me at
nogalesronalie@gmail.com

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 Historical Development of
Philippine Legislative Branch

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 Spanish Era
• March 19, 1812- Constitution of Cadiz
- first representatives at the cortes.
• May 24, 1816- Cadiz Constitution was replaced by
the Cortes.

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 Revolutionary Era

• Philippine Revolution – aimed to overthrow

Spanish Rule.
• Malolos Congress – approved the 1899 constitution
of the Philippines.

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 American Era

• 1900 to 1907 – Philippine Commission

• Philippine Bill of 1902 – creation of Bicameral
• 1916 Jones Law – Philippine Commission was
abolished.

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 Commonwealth and Second Republic Era

• The 1935 Constitution

- instituted Commonwealth
- Established unicameral National Assembly.
• 1940 – Bicameral Congress of the Philippines

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 Independent Era

• First congress of the Philippines

• Martial Law
- Revised the 1935 Constitution
- Batasang Pambansa in a semi-presidential
system of Government.
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 People Power Revolution

• Constitutional Commission
- Restored the Presidential system of
government together with the bicameral Congress of
the Philippines.

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Overview, Structure, and Power
of Legislative Branch

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HELLO!
I am Atok, Salve Mariz O.
You can find me at
salvymarisse13@gmail.com

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 Legislative Power

 From the Latin lex, “legis” meaning law.

 Is essentially the authority of the
government to enact laws, repeal, or amend
them as well.

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 Basic Structures
1. Unicameral
- The legislative branch consists of one
chamber/house.
2. Bicameral
- Legislative power is vested in two chambers/houses.

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 Legislative Power

Bicameral Structure:
1. The Senate
2. The House of Representatives

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 The Senate

It is headed by the Senate President and often

referred to as the “Upper House”.
It is composed of 24 senators elected-at-large
(nationwide) by qualified voters for a period of six
years.

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 The House of Representatives
It shall be composed of not more than 250 members, popularly
known as “Congressman”.
They are elected from legislative or congressional districts and
through a party-list system.
The congressmen are elected for a term of three years, but they
cannot serve more than three consecutive terms.

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The qualifications to become a representative, a
person must be:

 A Natural-Born Citizen of the Philippines;

 A least 35 years of age;
 Able to read and write;
 A registered voter; and
 A resident of the province where he is running for at least
one year immediately prior to the election.
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The qualifications to become a representative, a
person must be:

 A Natural-Born Citizen of the Philippines;

 A least 35 years of age;
 Able to read and write;
 A registered voter; and
 A resident of the province where he is running for at least
one year immediately prior to the election.
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 Types of Power under the Legislative Branch

General Legislative Power

- It is usually defined by the Constitution.
Specific Powers
- These are the powers which the Constitution
expressly directs or authorizes Congress to exercise.
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 Specific Powers of Legislative Branch
• Power to declare the existence of the state of war.
• Power to delegate emergency powers to the President
• Power to Appropriation
• Power to Taxation
• Power to concur in treaties through the Senate and the House of
Representatives
• Power to concur the grant of Amnesty
• Power to act as Board of Canvassers for Presidential and Vice-Presidential
elections
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 What is a Bill?

It is essentially a proposed law by the

legislative department.

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 The passage of a bill into law follows strictly the
procedures:
1. First Reading
2. Second Reading
3. Floor Debates
4. Printing and Distributions
5. Third Reading
6. Referral to the Other House
7. Submission to Joint Bicameral Committee
8. Submission to the President
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 Senators (June 30, 2016 – June 30, 2022)
Leila de Lima Manny Pacquiao
Franklin Drilon Francis Pangilinan
Win Gatchalian Ralph Recto
Richard J. Gordon Tito Sotto
Risa Hontiveros Joel Villanueva
Panfilo Lacson Juan Miguel Zubiri

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 Senators (June 30, 2019 – June 30, 2025)
Sonny Angara Imee Marcos
Nancy Binay Koko Pimentel
Pia Cayetano Grace Poe
Ronald dela Rosa Bong Revilla
Bong Go Francis Tolentino
Lito Lapid Cynthia Villar

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THE EXECUTIVE
BRANCH
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HELLO!
I am Rayray, Pamela Dianne S.
You can find me at
rayraypamela07@gmail.com

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 EXECUTIVE BRANCH
◈ The word executive was derived from the Latin
word executivus which simply means execute.
◈ The Executive Branch carries out laws.
◈ The key roles and overview about the Executive
Branch are outlined in Article VII of the 1987
Philippine Constitution.
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PRESIDENT Local
Chief
Executives
VICE PRESIDENT

CABINET

LOCAL GOVERNMENT

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 Historical Development of
Philippine Executive Branch

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The First Philippine Republic (1899-1901) • President: Emilio Aguinaldo
• No VP
• Territorial Government of the US.
Insular Government of the Philippine Islands • President: Theodore Roosevelt
(1901-1935) • Governor-General: William H. Taft

• First President: Manuel L. Quezon

Philippine Commonwealth (1935-1943)
• First VP: Sergio Osmeña

• President: Jose P. Laurel

The Second Republic (1943-1945) • No VP
• Puppet Government
• Japanese-sponsored

• First President: Manuel A. Roxas

The Third Republic (1946-1972)
• First VP: Elpidio Quiriino

• Martial Law (1972- 1981)

Martial Law and The Fourth Republic • First President: Ferdinand V. Marcos
(1972-1987) • First VP: Fernando Lopez

• First President: Corazon C. Aquino

• First VP: Salvador Laurel
The Fifth Republic (1987 – Present)
• Incumbent President: Rodrigo Duterte
• Incumbent VP: Leni Robredo
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OVERVIEW OF STRUCTURE AND
ITS POWERS

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 PRESIDENT
Power over the Executive Branch
The President of the Philippines has the mandate of control over all
POWERS OF the executive departments, bureaus, and offices.
THE
PRESIDENT
(As stated in Power over ordinance
Administrative The President of the Philippines has the power to give executive
Code of 1987) issuances, which are means to streamline the policy and programs of
an administration.

Power over aliens

The President of the Philippines has certain powers over non-
Filipinos in the Philippines.

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 PRESIDENT
Powers of eminent domain, escheat, land reservation and recovery of ill-gotten
wealth
The President of the Philippines has the authority to exercise the power of eminent
POWERS OF domain. The power of eminent domains means the state has the power to seize or
THE authorize the seizure of private property for public use with just compensation.
PRESIDENT
(As stated in Power of Appointment
Administrative The President may appoint officials of the Philippine government as
Code of 1987) provided by the constitution and laws of the Philippines.

Power of general supervision over local governments

The President of the Philippines, as chief executive, has the mandate to supervise local
governments in the Philippines, despite their autonomous status as provided by
Republic Act No. 7160 otherwise known as the Loacl Government Code of 1991.

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 VICE PRESIDENT
The vice president may assume or may be
DUTIES OF given a cabinet position should the
THE VICE President of the Philippines offer the former
PRESIDENT
(As stated in one.
Administrative
Code of 1987)
The vice president is mandated to assume
the presidency in case of the death,
disability, or resignation of the incumbent
President.

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HELLO!
I am Tome, Christel Anne R.
You can find me at
christelannert24@gmail.com

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 CABINET SECRETARIES
Cabinet secretaries act as the alter ego of
the President executing, with his authority,
the power of the Office of the President in
their respective departments.
DUTIES OF
THE CABINET
SECRETARIES
They possess the power to issue directives
relative to their departments, such as
department orders. These orders only apply
to offices under a specific department under
the cabinet secretary’s jurisdiction.
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 APPOINTMENT OF CABINET SECRETARIES
The President may appoint anyone to
executive departments with the consent of
the Commission on Appointments (CA).
(According to
the Article 7,
Section 16 of
the 1987
Philippine Names of individuals nominated to cabinet
Constitution) posts are submitted to the Commission on
Appointments for their consideration.

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Commission on Appointments (CA)
Commission on Appointments is a
constitutional body under the 1987 Philippine
Constitution that confirms all the appointments
made by the head of the state, for
confirmation or rejection.
It is an independent body separate and
distinct from the Legislature, although its
membership is confined to members of
Congress.

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 LOCAL GOVERNMENTS
The President of the Philippines is mandated
to supervise local governments all over the
country.
As stated in
Article X,
Section 4 of
the 1987
Philippine However, because of Republic Act No. 7160,
Constitution otherwise known as the Local Government
Code of 1991, local governments enjoy
relative autonomy from the national
government.
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LOCAL GOVERNMENT CODE OF 1991 (REPUBLIC ACT NO. 7160)
The Local Government Code of
1991 was signed in to law on October 10,
1991 by the former president Corazon Aquino
and its implementation started on January
1, 1992, under former president
Fidel Ramos.
The Code establishes the system and
defines powers of provincial, city, municipal
and barangay governments in the
Philippines.
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 LOCAL CHIEF EXECUTIVES
These are the elected officers of the Local
Government Units (LGUs). Each local government
has its own chief executive as provided under the Book
III of RA 7160. They have the power to approve or
veto local ordinances recommended by the
local legislators.

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 LIST OF LOCAL CHIEF EXECUTIVES:
(a) Barangay — Punong Barangay
(Barangay Chairman)
(b) Municipality — Municipal Mayor
(c) City — City Mayor
(d) Province — Provincial Governor

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 (a) Punong Barangay
The Punong Barangay is the highest elected
official in a barangay, or is also known as the
Chief executive of the barangay government, the
smallest unit of administrative divisions of the
Philippines.

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 Role of the Barangay:
Sec. 384. As the basic political unit, the barangay
serves as the primary planning and implementing
unit of government policies, plans, programs,
projects, and activities in the community, and as a
forum wherein the collective views of the people
may be expressed, crystallized and considered, and
where disputes may be amicably settled.
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 (b) Municipal Mayor
Execute laws and municipal ordinances; supervise the
administration of the town; issue orders relative to the
maintenance of peace and order; preside over the
meetings of the municipal council; and recommend or
suggest measures to the municipal council that aimed
to improve the social and economic conditions of the
people on its jurisdiction.

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 Role of the Municipality:
Sec. 440. The municipality, consisting of a group
of barangays, serves primarily as a general-
purpose government for the coordination and
delivery of basic, regular and direct services and
effective governance of the inhabitants within its
territorial jurisdiction.

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 (c) City Mayor
The City Mayor as the chief executive of the city
government is tasked with promoting the general
welfare of the City and its constituents through the
efficient, effective, relevant and economical
governance.

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 Role of the City:
Sec. 448. The city, consisting of more urbanized
and developed barangays, serves as a general-
purpose government for the coordination and
delivery of basic, regular, and direct services and
effective governance of the inhabitants within its
territorial jurisdiction.

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 (d) Provincial Governor
Provincial Governor as the chief executive of the
provincial government, the highest-level local
government and the largest political unit in the
Philippines, shall exercise powers and
perform duties and functions necessary to
promote the general welfare of the province and its
inhabitants.
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 Role of the Province:
SEC. 459. The province, composed of a cluster of
municipalities, or municipalities and component
cities, and as a political and corporate unit of
government, serves as a dynamic mechanism for
developmental processes and effective governance
of local government units within its territorial
jurisdiction.
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 TERM LIMITS

The offices of the abovementioned local

chief executives are limited to three
consecutive three-year terms.

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THE JUDICIARY
BRANCH
91
HELLO!
Garcia, Maurice Joy R. and
De Roxas, Gre-anne E.
You can find us at
maurice1819999@gmail.com
and greanne051900@gmail.com

92
 What is Judiciary?
From Merriam Webster:
a : a system of courts of law
b : the judges of these courts
2: a branch of government in which judicial power is vested
From Cambridge Dictionary:
the part of a country’s government that is responsible for its legal system
and that consists of all the judges in its court of law

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 What is Judiciary?
From Wikipedia:
◈The judiciary (also known as the judicial system, judicature, judicial
branch, Judiciative Branch, or court system) is the system of courts that
interprets and applies the law in a country, state or an international
community. The first legal systems of the world were set up to allow
citizens to settle conflicts without violence.
◈The judiciary mainly interprets and applies the law, but can in some
systems create law.

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 What is Judiciary?
Judicial power rests with the Supreme Court and the lower
courts, as established by law (Art. VIII, sec. 1 of the 1987
Constitution). Its duty is to settle actual controversies
involving rights which are legally demandable and
enforceable, and to determine whether or not the part of any
branch or instrumentality of the Government (Art. VIII Sec. 1
(2)).

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HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF
THE JUDICIARY BRANCH

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 Pre- Spanish During the American
Datu – all functions of Spanish Regime Occupation
the government; Real Audiencia de Sala de lo civil
executive, legislative, Manila
and judiciary Sala de lo criminal

Supreme Court of the

Second Republic Supreme Court During
Establishment of Supreme
Commonwealth
Court
Exclusive jurisdiction to Division of powers of the
review on appeal, June 11, 1901
government
certiorari or writ of error

Supreme Court Under the 1973

Constitution Supreme Court Under the
The 1973 Constitution increased
Supreme Court Under 1987 Constitution
the number of the members of the Revolutionary The Supreme Court under
the Supreme Court from 11 to 15 Government the present Constitution is
The Justices of the Court were composed of a Chief Justice
appointed by the President alone and 14 Associate Justices.

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OVERVIEW STRUCTURE OF
JUDICIARY BRANCH

98
 Supreme Court

Court of Court of Tax

Sandiganbayan
Appeals Appeals

Regional Trial Shari’a District

Courts Courts

Metropolitan Municipal Trial Municipal Trial Municipal Circuit Shari’a Circuit

Trial Court Courts in Cities Courts Trial Courts Courts

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100
SUPREME COURT OF THE PHILIPPINES

◈ The highest court in the Philippines

◈ Consists of 14 associate justices and 1
chief justice
◈ The power of the supreme court are
defined in Article VIII of the 1987
constitution

101
 COURT OF APPEALS
◈ Second highest judicial court
◈ Consists of 68 associate justice and 1
presiding justice
◈ The court may sit en banc for the
purpose of exercising administrative,
ceremonial, or other non-adjudicatory
function

102
 SANDIGANBAYAN
◈ It is a special court established under
Presidential Decree No. 1606
◈ It tries and decides criminal and civil
cases against government officials and
employees accused of graft and
corruption, and similar cases

103
 REGIONAL TRIAL COURT
Regional Trial Courts small exercise
exclusive jurisdiction of any court,
tribunal or body, except those now
falling under the exclusive or
concurrent jurisdiction of the
Sandiganbayan.

104
 MUNICIPAL METRO-POLITANT MUNICIPAL
TRIAL TRIAL CIRCUIT TRIAL
COURT COURT COURT

• It only cover one • Municipal Trial • Covers two or

municipality in courts in the more
cities outside towns and Cities municipalities in
Metropolitan in Metropolitan the country
Manila Manila Area, as
distinguished from
other political
subdivision of the
Philippines

82
 SHARI’A DISTRICT COURTS

◈ Equivalent to the Regional

Trial Courts
◈ It was established in certain
specified provinces in
Mindanao
◈ Pertains to family rights and
duties as well as contractual
relations of Filipino Muslims
in Mindanao
106
POWER OF JUDICIARY BRANCH

107
 Judiciary

◈ Judicial power rests with the Supreme Court and the

lower courts, as established by law (Art. VIII, Sec. 1 of
the 1987 Constitution).
◈ Its duty is to settle actual controversies involving rights
which are legally demandable and enforceable (Art. VIII
Sec. 1 (2)).

108
 Judiciary

◈ The Supreme Court has both original and appellate

jurisdiction
◈ The Supreme Court has administrative supervision over
all courts and court personnel. (Article VIII, §6) It
exercises this power through the Office of the Court
Administrator.

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 THANK YOU
FOR LISTENING :)
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